{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:30:20Z","timestamp":1754155820888,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJPH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to examine how prisoners\u2019 early release affects other citizens\u2019 perceived insecurity and their attitudes towards those released prisoners, and how citizens\u2019 political orientation influences these variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 383 Portuguese participants were presented with a recommendation from the United Nations for the release of prisoners because of COVID-19 and then asked to fill in a questionnaire measuring their political orientation, support for the early release of prisoners, perceived insecurity regarding such measure and their attitudes towards the released prisoners.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results showed that support for the release of prisoners during COVID-19 is associated with perceived insecurity and both, in turn, predicts inclusive attitudes regarding these prisoners, while only perceived insecurity is associated with an agreement with an intensification of social control measures. Right-wing participants were found to express the negative side. The more participants felt insecure, the more they believed released prisoners should not have the same rights as common citizens and the more they should be left out of the community.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The major limitation of this study concerns the sample: the authors collected answers from Portuguese participants exclusively, most of which held a university degree.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>At least two major implications can be drawn from this study\u2019s results. These implications deal with prisoners\u2019 entrance in what can be considered a cycle of exclusion and the promotion of their social reintegration once they are released from prison.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Social implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings point out the necessity to firstly put an effort in deconstructing the insecurity perception that results from the prospective of having prisoners back into society \u2013 that is to understand why it happens and how it can be reduced \u2013 promoting efficacy in the inclusion of these prisoners and preventing the emergence of controlling or protective approaches directed to these individuals in their return to society by enhancing people\u2019s awareness that the social reintegration of ex-prisoners will benefit the whole community.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors present a different perspective of the impact that managing COVID-19 in prisons has on society.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijph-09-2020-0074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T08:50:34Z","timestamp":1629190234000},"page":"282-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Releasing prisoners during COVID-19: the impact of the support for the early release, perceived insecurity and political orientation on attitudes towards released prisoners in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paula Cristina","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel Rocha","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mendes","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bobowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2021101418530165300_ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"A social psychological framework for understanding social inclusion and exclusion","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion","year":"2005"},{"volume-title":"Prisons and Prisoners in Europe in Pandemic Times: An Evaluation of the Medium-Term Impact of the COVID-19 on Prison Populations","year":"2020","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref002"},{"volume-title":"Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis","year":"2017","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref003"},{"key":"key2021101418530165300_ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Criminologia e reinser\u00e7\u00e3o social","volume-title":"Criminologia e Reinser\u00e7\u00e3o Social","year":"2019"},{"volume-title":"Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order","year":"1994","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref005"},{"volume-title":"A Flexibiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da Pris\u00e3o: Da Reclus\u00e3o \u00e0 Liberdade","year":"2018","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref006"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2019.1694614","article-title":"Fostering openness to rehabilitation and reintegration of criminals into society in a fearful world: the moderating role of regulatory focus","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"issue":"10234","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30984-3","article-title":"Prisons are \u201cin no way equipped\u201d to deal with COVID-19","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.17575\/rpsicol.v31i2.1144","article-title":"Popular justice on bullies: attributions of responsibility, anger, and ineffective social control as fuel for non-normative collective action","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"PSICOLOGIA"},{"key":"key2021101418530165300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00004-4","article-title":"Psychological aspects of retributive justice","volume":"40","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021101418530165300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.2.284","article-title":"Why do we punish? 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