{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:45:11Z","timestamp":1776876311472,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJPPM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of transformational leadership (TL) on employees\u2019 individual performance (IP) through the mediating role of affective commitment (AC). More specifically, it aims to understand how TL relates to employees\u2019 AC, TL relates to employees\u2019 IP, employees\u2019 AC relates to IP and employees\u2019 AC mediates the relationship between TL and employees\u2019 IP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 476 Turkish healthcare professionals participated in this study. The mediation effect of AC in the relationship between TL and employees\u2019 IP was tested by structural equation modeling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicate that AC mediates the relationship between TL and employees\u2019 IP. In others words, transformational leaders promote employees\u2019 AC which, in turn, increases their IP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study suggests that organizations should select, develop and invest in leaders who adopt a TL style because they build a climate of admiration, loyalty, respect, participation and involvement for employees which will in turn enhance their commitment and performance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study responds to calls for research studies to explore the mediating mechanism in the TL process (Judge <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>, 2006), as the mediation effects explain the conditions in which TL is related to the favorable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijppm-09-2017-0229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T07:27:57Z","timestamp":1539934077000},"page":"1901-1917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["How transformational leadership predicts employees\u2019 affective commitment and performance"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neuza","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u0130lhami","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1108\/02621710310487873","article-title":"The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance","volume":"22","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Management Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref002","first-page":"404","article-title":"Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions: the direct effects among bank representatives","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial and Business Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630302900107","article-title":"The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process","volume":"29","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x","article-title":"The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization","volume":"63","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref005","first-page":"252","article-title":"Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: an examination of construct validity","volume":"43","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (2000), \u201cConstruct validation in organizational behavior research: the case of organizational commitment\u201d, in Goffin, R.D. and Helmes, E. (Eds), Problems and Solutions in Human Assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at Seventy, Kluwer, Norwell, MA, pp. 285-314.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4397-8_13"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2934.2005.00567.x","article-title":"The nurse manager: job satisfaction, the nursing shortage and retention","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(03)00030-4","article-title":"Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the multifactor leadership questionnaire","volume":"14","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.12.3.193","article-title":"Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating role of meaningful work","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/08959285.2012.684082","article-title":"Antecedents and outcomes of challenging job experiences: a social cognitive perspective","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transformational leadership, innovative behavior, and task performance: test of mediation and moderation processes","volume":"25","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Performance"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref010","volume-title":"Full Leadership Development: Building the Vital Forces in Organizations","year":"1999"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avolio, B.J., Sosik, J.J. and Berson, Y. (2012), \u201cLeadership models, methods, and applications: progress and remaining blind spots\u201d, in Weiner, I.B., Schmitt, N.W. and Scott Highhouse, S. (Eds), Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed., Wiley, Somerset, NJ, pp. 367-389.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118133880.hop212015"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref012","first-page":"58","article-title":"Transformational leadership in a management game simulation: impacting the bottom line","volume":"13","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Group and Organizational Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621","article-title":"Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions","volume":"60","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.09.003","article-title":"Unlocking the mask: a look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref015","volume-title":"Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations","year":"1985"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref016","volume-title":"Transformational Leadership: Industry, Military, and Educational Impact","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref017","first-page":"21","article-title":"Training and development of transformational leadership: looking to 1992 and beyond","volume":"14","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Industrial Training"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref018","volume-title":"Transformational Leadership","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.2.207","article-title":"Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12287","article-title":"Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and self-competence among nurses: a study in two Italian hospitals","volume":"24","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref022","first-page":"611","article-title":"Organizational culture & transformational leadership as predictors of employee performance","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Industrial Relations"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref023","volume-title":"Exchange and Power in Social Life","year":"1964"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/10717919070130030201","article-title":"Follower behavior and organizational performance: the impact of transformational leaders","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref025","first-page":"5","article-title":"Core self-evaluations: a review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2012.11.006","article-title":"Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: a multilevel mediation model of trust","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref027","unstructured":"Brislin, R.W. (1980), \u201cTranslation and content analysis of oral and written materials\u201d, in Triandis, H.C. and Berry, J.W. (Eds), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 2, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA, pp. 389-444."},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref028","unstructured":"Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (1993), \u201cAlternative ways of assessing model fit\u201d, in Bollen, K.A. and Long, J.S. (Eds), Testing Structural Equation Models, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 136-162."},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref029","volume-title":"Leadership","year":"1978"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.80.4.468","article-title":"Further assessments of Bass\u2019s (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership","volume":"80","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref031","unstructured":"Campbell, J. (1990), \u201cModeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology\u201d, in Dunnette, M. and Hough, L. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational and Industrial Psychology, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 687-732."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1108\/00483481111133327","article-title":"Transformational leadership, learning, and employability: effects on performance among faculty members","volume":"40","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personnel Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref033","first-page":"519","article-title":"An analysis of academic leadership behavior from the perspective of transformational leadership","volume":"207","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730610666000","article-title":"Organization communication, job stress, organizational commitment, and job performance of accounting professionals in Taiwan and America","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.x","article-title":"Transactional versus transformational leadership: an analysis of the MLQ","volume":"70","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref036","first-page":"60","article-title":"The role of pay and leadership in developing organizational commitment","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"South Asian Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20156","article-title":"The effects of supportive management and job quality on the turnover intentions and health of military personnel","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B. (1992), \u201cBootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife\u201d, in Kotz, S. and Johnson, N.L. (Eds), Breakthroughs in Statistics, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 569-593.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_41"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"The bootstrap method for assessing statistical accuracy","volume":"17","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behaviormetrika"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(00)00174-0","article-title":"Effects of leadership on organizational performance in Russian companies","volume":"55","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref041","first-page":"77","article-title":"The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2010.55.2.222","article-title":"Pursuit of whose happiness? Executive leaders\u2019 transformational behaviors and personal values","volume":"55","year":"2010","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2307\/2092623","article-title":"The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement","volume":"25","year":"1960","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190701570700","article-title":"HR practices, organizational climate and employee outcomes: evaluating social exchange relationships in local government","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1108\/WJEMSD-02-2016-0008","article-title":"Transformational leadership and employee turnover intention: the mediating role of AC","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref046","volume-title":"Modern Factor Analysis","year":"1967"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref047","first-page":"54","article-title":"Relationship of transformational leadership and character with five organizational outcomes","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Character & Leadership Integration"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref048","first-page":"501","article-title":"Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(96)90024-7","article-title":"Path-goal theory of leadership: lessons, legacy, a reformulated theory","volume":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8116(96)00002-X","article-title":"Use of causal models in marketing research: a review","volume":"13","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref051","first-page":"101","article-title":"The relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment: a mediating model testing","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Timisoara Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2003.10.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational commitment and salesperson job performance: 25 years of research","volume":"58","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1108\/01437731211253028","article-title":"The effects of core self-evaluations and transformational leadership on organizational commitment","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leadership and Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9434.2010.01215.x","article-title":"A call to context","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref055","first-page":"755","article-title":"Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity","volume":"89","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref056","first-page":"203","article-title":"Charismatische und transformationale F\u00fchrung: Ein \u00dcberblick und eine Agenda f\u00fcr zuk\u00fcnftige Forschungsarbeiten\u2019 (Charismatic and transformational leadership: a review and an agenda for future research)","volume":"50","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Arbeits und Organizations Psychologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327876MP1202_4","article-title":"Transformational leadership effects at different levels of the army","volume":"12","year":"2000","journal-title":"Military Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref058","first-page":"243","article-title":"The two faces of transformational leadership: dependence and empowerment","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730310469589","article-title":"Remote transformational leadership","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.1.201","article-title":"Estimating the nonlinear and interactive effects of latent variables","volume":"96","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-014-0257-7","article-title":"Hospital career management system sand their effects on the psychological state and career attitudes of nurses","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Service Business"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/job.431","article-title":"Perceived organizational support and AC: the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem in the context of job insecurity","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref063","first-page":"690","article-title":"An empirical study of transformational leadership, team performance and service quality in retail banks","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref064","volume-title":"Authentic Leadership and Behavioral Integrity as Drivers of Follower Commitment and Performance","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref065","first-page":"72","article-title":"The relationships between perceived organizational support, felt obligation, affective organizational commitment and turnover intention of academics working with private higher educational institutions in Malaysia","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-012-9261-x","article-title":"Transformational leadership and follower task performance: the role of susceptibility to positive emotions and follower positive emotions","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1006","article-title":"Transforming service employees and climate: a multisource examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726709346374","article-title":"Considering context in psychological leadership research","volume":"62","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1108\/09699980810852682","article-title":"Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref070","volume-title":"Effective Leadership","year":"2007","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref071","first-page":"146","article-title":"Influence of transformational leadership components on job satisfaction and organizational commitment","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref072","article-title":"Leader\u2019s moral intelligence and employees\u2019 affective commitment: the mediating role of transformational leadership","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref073","first-page":"171","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment","volume":"108","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484315603612","article-title":"Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: an integrative literature review","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-01-2014-0020","article-title":"Transformational leadership and organizational commitment in manufacturing and service small to medium-sized enterprises: the moderating effects of directive and participative leadership","volume":"44","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personnel Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4822(00)00053-X","article-title":"Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.2001.1842","article-title":"Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences","volume":"61","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/09243450600565746","article-title":"Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers\u2019 job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: the Tanzanian case","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"School Effectiveness and School Improvement"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370903385106","article-title":"How do transformational leaders influence followers\u2019 affective well-being? Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.03.001","article-title":"The mediating effects of team and self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership, and job satisfaction and psychological well-being in healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey","volume":"46","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030090105","article-title":"Etzioni\u2019s model of organizational involvement: a perspective for understanding commitment to organizations","volume":"9","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.4.380","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationships between Kerr and Jermier\u2019s substitutes for leadership and employee job attitudes, role perceptions, and performance","volume":"81","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/1048-9843(90)90009-7","article-title":"Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers\u2019 trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors","volume":"1","year":"1990","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000001169","article-title":"The Israeli defense forces: an example of Transformational leadership & organizational development","volume":"13","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leadership and Organizational Development Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01785.x","article-title":"The relationship between work experience and job performance: a conceptual and meta-analytic review","volume":"48","year":"1995","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.02.009","article-title":"Dimensions of transformational leadership: conceptual and empirical extensions","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2007.08.003","article-title":"Perceptions of authentizotic climates and employee happiness: pathways to IP?","volume":"61","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-75902004000300004","article-title":"Comprometimento organizacional em organiza\u00e7\u00f5es autentizi\u00f3ticas: Um estudo luso-brasileiro\u2019 (Organizational commitment in authentizotics organizations)","volume":"44","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2010.04.009","article-title":"How happiness mediates the organizational virtuousness and AC relationship","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2012.08.002","article-title":"Are authentic leaders associated with more virtuous, committed and potent teams?","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/job.141","article-title":"Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2007.01.003","article-title":"Transformational and charismatic leadership: assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.18803926","article-title":"Leading from within: the effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref095","first-page":"79","article-title":"Unraveling the organizational commitment and job performance relationship: exploring the moderating effects of job satisfaction","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Business Review"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref096","article-title":"Identification of effective leadership indicators in Ghanaian retail banks using AMOS based confirmatory factor analysis","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref097","first-page":"566","article-title":"Rekindle teacher\u2019s organizational commitment: the effect of transformational leadership behavior","volume":"90","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.4.4.577","article-title":"The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept based theory","volume":"4","year":"1993","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-01-2014-0007","article-title":"Factors influencing job performance of nursing staff: mediating role of AC","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personnel Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2010.500485","article-title":"The role of organizational culture in the relationship between leadership and organizational commitment: an empirical study in a Greek organization","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref101","volume-title":"Full Range Leadership Development: Pathways for People, Profits, and Planet","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref102","first-page":"217","article-title":"Beneath the mask: examining the relationship of self-presentation attributes and impression management to charismatic leadership","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref103","unstructured":"Steiger, J.H. and Lind, J.C. (1980), \u201cStatistically-based tests for the number of common factors\u201d, paper presented at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730410538671","article-title":"Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2014.939987","article-title":"Examining transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in Turkish hospitals: public servants versus private sector employees","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2154","article-title":"An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.07.018","article-title":"Transformational leadership and job performance: a social identity perspective","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","article-title":"A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"38","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.2.304","article-title":"Transformational leadership and moral reasoning","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852308099504","article-title":"The mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: more robust evidence of the PSM performance relationship","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Review of Administrative Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8791(03)00029-0","article-title":"Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: antecedents and outcomes","volume":"64","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1348\/096317907X202482","article-title":"The utility of transactional and transformational leadership for predicting performance and satisfaction within a path goal theory framework","volume":"81","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref113","first-page":"174","article-title":"Does leadership style make a difference? Linking HRM, job satisfaction, and organizational performance","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Review of Public Personnel Administration"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601111401017","article-title":"Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of research","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Group & Organization Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940010305270","article-title":"Organizational commitment: a mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2013.05.005","article-title":"Does CEO Transformational leadership influence top executive normative commitment?","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(99)00013-2","article-title":"An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories","volume":"10","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref118","volume-title":"Leadership in Organizations","year":"2006","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref119","volume-title":"Leadership in Organizations","year":"2010","edition":"7th ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.06.001","article-title":"CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: the mediating role of human-capital-enhancing human resource management","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"key2021100113442215800_ref122","volume-title":"Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100113442215800_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701341316","article-title":"Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJPPM-09-2017-0229\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJPPM-09-2017-0229\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:10:26Z","timestamp":1753395026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijppm\/article\/67\/9\/1901-1917\/393389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJPPM-09-2017-0229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijppm-09-2017-0229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0401","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]}}}