{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:25:29Z","timestamp":1754155529182,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJSI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to improve the surface finish and, therefore, the fatigue resistance of some endodontic files by electrochemical polishing; the influence of applying an autoclave\u2019s sterilising cycle to the endodontic files under study was also assessed during the research herein presented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 22 Ni-Ti endodontic instruments of two sizes, namely, ref. Hyflex 0.04\/20 and 0.06\/20 (taper: 0.04; 0.06 and tip diameter: 0.20 mm, respectively), were submitted to rotational bending tests at 500 rpm; the radius and the angle of curvature imposed to the endodontic instruments during the experimental tests were equal to 4.7\u2009mm and 45\u00b0, respectively. In addition, 18 endodontic files (out of the 22) were subjected to electrochemical polishing before <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fatigue tests had been carried out. Several combinations of electrochemical parameters were considered during the preliminary experiments involving electrolyte, voltage, flow rate and duration. The endodontic files under study were weighted using a high-precision balance before and after polishing, and mass variation was determined. Also, a sterilising cycle was applied to six polished endodontic instruments, which were placed inside an autoclave at 134\u00b0C, for 30\u2009min, and under a pressure of 2.16 bar.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The fatigue resistance of as-received endodontic files ref. 0.04\/20 is much larger (+480 per cent) than the fatigue strength of endodontic files ref. 0.06\/20. The weight variation due to electropolishing was comprehended between 0.53\u2009mg and 1.01\u2009mg, and the fatigue resistance of all polished endodontic instruments increased between 30 per cent (0.06\/20) and 80 per cent (0.04\/20) when compared with the fatigue resistance of the as-received files. The application of an autoclave\u2019s sterilisation cycle had a negative impact on the fatigue resistance of instruments ref. 0.04\/20 and a positive impact on the durability of instruments ref. 0.06\/20.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The application of an electrochemical polishing process increased the fatigue resistance of the endodontic files under study significantly, and the values for the variables of the electrochemical process were never published elsewhere. The surface finish improvement was obtained by immersing the endodontic files in a Struers\u2019 Electrolyte (ref. E2) for 3\u2009s while applying 30 volts and a flow rate of 1.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijsi-02-2019-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T06:37:07Z","timestamp":1563345427000},"page":"3-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the fatigue resistance of endodontic files subjected to electrochemical polishing and an autoclave\u2019s sterilisation cycle"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ginjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.03.025","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary instruments in a double (S-shaped) simulated curvature","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.08.014","article-title":"Influence of previous angular deformation on flexural fatigue resistance of K3 nickel\u2013titanium rotary instruments","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.08.023","article-title":"Influence of electrochemical polishing on the mechanical properties of K3 nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.03.007","article-title":"Impact of heat treatments on the fatigue resistance of different rotary nickel-titanium instrument","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"year":"2015","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref005","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on K3, K3XF and MTwo endodontic files"},{"key":"key2021020512031913100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buican, G.R., Oancea, G. and Martins, R.F. (2017), \u201cStudy on SLM manufacturing of teeth used for dental tools testing\u201d, in Oancea, G. and Dr\u0103goi, M.V. (Eds), The 4th International Conference on Computing and Solutions in Manufacturing Engineering \u2013 Cosme'16, MATEC Web of Conferences, 94, Additive Manufacturing and Non-conventional Technologies, Brasov, 3\u20134 November, pp. 1-10, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/20179403002","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20179403002"},{"key":"key2021020512031913100_ref007","first-page":"37","article-title":"Determination of the rotary fatigue life of NiTi alloy wires","volume":"80","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01262.x","article-title":"Fatigue testing of a NiTi rotary instrument. Part 1: strain-life relationship","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2005.01020.x","article-title":"Defects in ProTaper S1 instruments after clinical use: fractographic examination","volume":"38","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.05.007","article-title":"Fatigue resistance of engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium instruments produced by new manufacturing methods","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.09.011","article-title":"Multiple autoclave cycle effects on cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary files produced by new manufacturing methods","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.12.003","article-title":"An in vitro comparison of torsional stress and cyclic fatigue resistance of ProFile GT and ProFile GT Series X Rotary nickel-titanium files","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref013","first-page":"553","article-title":"Microstructural effects on NiTi endodontic instruments failure","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal de Physique IV"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200108000-00005","article-title":"Influence of structure on nickel-titanium endodontic instrument failure","volume":"27","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"key2021020512031913100_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.08.870","article-title":"Fatigue resistance of rotary endodontic files submitted to axial motion in multiplanar canals manufactured by 3D printing","volume":"160","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.12.006","article-title":"Influence of curvature location along an artificial canal on cyclic fatigue of a rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instrument","volume":"111","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.06.026","article-title":"Effects of electropolishing surface treatment on the cyclic fatigue resistance of biorace nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"13","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-001-1008-7","article-title":"Fatigue-crack growth behavior in the superelastic and shape-memory material nitinol","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metall Mater Trans A"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSI-01-2017-0005","article-title":"Fatigue resistance of rotary endodontic files subjected to planar and non-planar curvatures induced by in vitro tooth canals","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Structural Integrity"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200211000-00005","article-title":"Fatigue resistance of engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"28","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"key2021020512031913100_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.03.061","article-title":"A study on the influence of Ni\u2013Ti M-Wire in the flexural fatigue life of endodontic rotary files by using finite element analysis","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: C"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.06.008","article-title":"Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12470","article-title":"HyFlex EDM: superficial features. Metallurgical analysis and fatigue resistance of innovative electro discharge machined NiTi rotary instruments","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80250-6","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"23","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.03.023","article-title":"Fatigue testing of controlled memory wire nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.005","article-title":"Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01138.x","article-title":"Influence of Sterilization on mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2009.01563.x","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on transformation temperatures and bending properties of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021020512031913100_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.07.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of controlled memory and super elastic nickel-titanium wires used in the manufacture of rotary endodontic instruments","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Structural Integrity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSI-02-2019-0009\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSI-02-2019-0009\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:46:19Z","timestamp":1753393579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijsi\/article\/12\/1\/3-16\/152981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJSI-02-2019-0009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijsi-02-2019-0009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9864"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1757-9864"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]}}}