{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:19:09Z","timestamp":1776381549833,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJSMS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise and measure the construct of fan engagement through social networking sites (SNS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi-stage procedure was completed to validate the proposed fan engagement through SNS model with three first-order constructs (fan-to-fan relationships, team-to-fan relationships and fan co-creation). First, a preliminary analysis of the proposed items to capture fan engagement through SNS was conducted through expert review. Second, an assessment of item reliability and construct validity was completed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Finally, CFA and subsequent structural equation model were conducted to review the psychometric properties and to test the relationships between the proposed construct with online and offline behavioural intentions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate good psychometric properties of the constructs of fan-to-fan relationships, team-to-fan relationships and fan co-creation, and these three constructs were significantly related with the second-order construct of fan engagement through SNS. Additionally, the construct of fan engagement through SNS was significantly related to both online and offline behavioural intentions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that teams should use SNS to interact with fans, to allow fans to share experiences and to involve fans in co-creation processes aimed at increasing engagement and subsequent positive behavioural intentions towards the team.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study extends previous research by measuring fan engagement through SNS as a multidimensional construct, and testing its predictive effect on fans\u2019 online and offline behavioural intentions. Several suggestions for future studies and strategies for increasing fan engagement can be drawn from this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijsms-05-2016-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T07:14:41Z","timestamp":1538464481000},"page":"163-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Examining fan engagement through social networking sites"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4191-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Biscaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Pegoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2014.880496","article-title":"Effects of perceived interactivity and web organization on user attitudes","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Sport Management Quarterly"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref002","first-page":"283","article-title":"How much of brand equity is explained by trust?","volume":"35","year":"1997","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2013.811609","article-title":"Athlete brand image: scale development and model test","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Sport Management Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2010.07.006","article-title":"Why customers won\u2019t relate: obstacles to relationship marketing engagement","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.19.3.374","article-title":"Translating questionnaires and inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2009.09.018","article-title":"Investigating mediators between corporate reputation and customer citizenship behaviours","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref008","first-page":"7","article-title":"Sponsorship effectiveness in professional sport: an examination of recall and recognition among football fans","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2012.679949","article-title":"The effects of emotions on football spectators\u2019 satisfaction and behavioural intentions","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Sports Management Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref011","first-page":"301","article-title":"The role of service quality and ticket pricing on satisfaction and behavioural intention within professional football","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092502461820100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2017.1413580","article-title":"Conceptualising and measuring fan identity using stakeholder theory","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Sport Management Quarterly"},{"key":"key2020092502461820100_ref012","unstructured":"Bollen, K.A. 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