{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:35:53Z","timestamp":1774485353202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate how international tourists\u2019 cosmopolitan values change due to the restraining fear of terrorism, and how this change affects their worldview, destination perception and travel preferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In-depth interviews were conducted with international travellers from all five continents to pinpoint the universal shifts in cosmopolitan values, specifically regarding risk perception in the face of terrorism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tourists\u2019 personal values are changing due to the increased risk of terrorism (or the perception of it), which prompts international travellers to act less on their desire for stimulation and more for their need for security when travelling. Just as any change in values tends to be relatively permanent, this value shift might have long-term consequences for the entire tourism industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Terrorism risk perception and its retraining effect regarding willingness to travel were established to be significant and universal. However, this study suggests that the strength of the travellers\u2019 cosmopolitan orientation influences the extent terrorism risk is acted upon. Results indicate that the higher the travellers\u2019 cosmopolitan conviction is, the less significantly they seem to be affected by the fear of terrorism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study offers cues on how managers and policy makers can enhance destination image that keeps up with the current realities of global tourism in the face of terrorism, and highlights a promising market segment, strongly cosmopolitan travellers who are less concerned with potential travel risks and react less negatively in troubled times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most of the previous studies considered tourists\u2019 cosmopolitanism as a stable orientation rather than a context-specific state. This study addresses this gap by exploring how resilient the tourists\u2019 cosmopolitan desire for openness and freedom is under the risk perception of terrorism, and what effect the fear of terrorism has on their travel habits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijtc-03-2018-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T07:04:11Z","timestamp":1541142251000},"page":"452-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The fear of terrorism and shift in cosmopolitan values"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8894-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda N.","family":"Ver\u00e9b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Minoo","family":"Farhangmehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2307\/40405622","article-title":"Are religious people more prosocial? A quasi-experimental study with \u2018madrasah\u2019 pupils in a rural community in India","volume":"48","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref002","volume-title":"Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2006.01.010","article-title":"Consumer attitudes toward marketplace globalization: structure, antecedents and consequences","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1532708605285733","article-title":"Terrorism and the politics of fear","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cultural Studies \u2013 Critical Methodologies"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.05.009","article-title":"The influence of political conflicts on country image and intention to visit: a study of Israel\u2019s image","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Tourism Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.658","article-title":"A group just like me: the moderating role of conservation values on social projection","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2007.08.003","article-title":"The impact of terrorism on tourism demand","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12029","article-title":"Convincing yourself to care about others: an intervention for enhancing benevolence values","volume":"82","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.544","article-title":"Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially","volume":"99","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1086\/209331","article-title":"River magic: extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter","volume":"20","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avraham, E. (2015), \u201cDestination image repair during crisis: attracting tourism during the Arab spring uprisings\u201d, The Journal of Tourism Management, Vol. 34, pp. 224-32, doi: 10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.10.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.10.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5897\/JAERD12.088","article-title":"The relationship between the perception of risk and the decision making process of travel of French tourists: the case of Egypt","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110396916","article-title":"The dual route to value change: individual processes and cultural moderators","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034818","article-title":"Value stability and change during self-chosen life transitions: self-selection versus socialization effects","volume":"106","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref013","unstructured":"Beck, U. (2002), \u201cSociology in the second age of modernity\u201d, in Vertovec, S. and Cohen, R. (Eds), Conceiving Cosmopolitanism \u2013 Theory, Context, and Practice, University Press, Oxford, pp. 61-85."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2006.00091.x","article-title":"Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: a research agenda","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2004.01.010","article-title":"Factors influencing destination image","volume":"31","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2007.01.005","article-title":"Self-congruity and destination choice","volume":"34","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhassen, Y., Uriely, N. and Assor, O. (2014), \u201cThe touristification of a conflict zone: the case of Bil\u2019in\u201d, The Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 40, pp. 174-89, doi: 10.1016\/J.ANNALS.2014.09.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2014.09.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref018","first-page":"139","article-title":"Possessions and the extended self","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1086\/615047","article-title":"The quest for authenticity in consumption: consumers\u2019 purposive choice of authentic cues to shape experienced outcomes","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.thr.6050028","article-title":"Tourism and the globalisation of fear: analysing the politics of risk and (in)security in global travel","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tourism and Hospitality Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287506288812","article-title":"The impact of 9\/11 and other terrible global events on tourism in the United States and Hawaii","volume":"45","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref022","volume-title":"Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124114558630","article-title":"Measurement directiveness as a cause of response bias, evidence from two survey experiments","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.10.002","article-title":"Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: resolving the risk recreation paradox","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref025","first-page":"283","article-title":"The risk reduction role of advertising","volume":"2","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantitative Marketing and Economics"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref026","first-page":"74","article-title":"Push or pull? Identifying rock climbing tourists\u2019 motivations","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1108\/13522750610658775","article-title":"Cosmopolitanism as a consumer orientation: replicating and extending prior research","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref028","article-title":"In search of the global consumer","year":"1994"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref029","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cosmopolitan-based cross national segmentation in global marketing simulations","volume":"28","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1509\/jimk.10.4.30.19550","article-title":"Will the real-world citizen please stand up! The many faces of cosmopolitan consumer behavior","volume":"10","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of International Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/02522667.2014.996028","article-title":"Assessing travel motivations of cultural tourists: a factor-cluster segmentation analysis","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Information & Optimization Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/eb058086","article-title":"The role of destination image in tourism: an extension","volume":"47","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Tourist Review"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref033","unstructured":"Clancy, M. (2012), \u201cSecurity and the future of tourism\u201d, in Leigh, J., Webster, C. and Ivanov, S. (Eds), Future Tourism: Political, Social and Economic Challenges, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 37-52."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBUSRES.2006.11.006","article-title":"Acculturaton to the global consumer culture: scale development and research paradigm","volume":"60","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/27755591","article-title":"Cosmopolitanism, consumer ethnocentrism, and materialism: an eight-country study of antecedents and outcomes","volume":"17","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Marketing"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2010.11.015","article-title":"Cosmopolitanism, individual-level values and cultural-level values: a cross-cultural study","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref037","unstructured":"CNBC (2017), \u201cTerror attacks are likely to increase in 2018, with ISIS and al-Qaeda both still dangerous\u201d, CNBC, 28 December, available at: www.cnbc.com\/2017\/12\/28\/terror-isis-and-al-qaeda-likely-to-carry-out-more-attacks-in-2018.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.10.1.3","article-title":"Empirical and conceptual problems with longitudinal trait-state models: Introducing a trait-state-occasion model","volume":"10","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110396924","article-title":"Values and upward influence strategies in transition: evidence from the Czech Republic","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfn035","article-title":"Bringing values back in the adequacy of the European social survey to measure values in 20 countries","volume":"72","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002703258198","article-title":"Regional effects of terrorism on tourism in three Mediterranean countries","volume":"47","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer, L., Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C. and Scott, N. (2009), \u201cDestination and enterprise management for a tourism future\u201d, Tourism Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 63-74, doi: 10.1016\/j.tourman.2008.04.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2008.04.002"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref042","unstructured":"Dwyer, L., Edwards, D., Cooper, C., Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C. and Scott, N. (2008), \u201cMegatrends underpinning Tourism to 2020\u201d, in Rayner, A. (Ed.), Analysis of key Drivers for Change, CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd, Gold Coast."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/004728759303100402","article-title":"The meaning and measurement of destination image","volume":"2","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Tourism Studies"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref045","unstructured":"Europol (2017), \u201cTerrorism situation and trend report (TE-SAT) 2017\u201d, Europol, The Hague, available at: www.europol.europa.eu\/activities-services\/main-reports\/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538808259076","article-title":"From values to actions: recent applications of the expectancy-value model","volume":"40","year":"1988","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1992.tb00887.x","article-title":"Values, valences, expectations, and actions","volume":"48","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5922.2010.01872_2.x","article-title":"Cosmopolis: an introduction","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory, Culture & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0306396804045512","article-title":"Anti-Muslim racism and the European security state","volume":"46","year":"2004","journal-title":"Race & Class"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431006068751","article-title":"Cosmopolitanism: between past and future","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.11.2.124","article-title":"Evolving judgments of terror risks: foresight, hindsight, and emotion","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref052","unstructured":"Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association (2018), \u201cCruise Industry Overview \u2013 2018, Annual Industry Report\u201d, available at: www.f-cca.com\/downloads\/2018-Cruise-Industry-Overview-and-Statistics.pdf (accessed 9 June 2018)."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v15n02","article-title":"The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1086\/209515","article-title":"Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref188","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: an exploratory study","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tourism \u2013 An International Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, G. and Reichel, A. (2006a), \u201cCorrelates of destination risk perception and risk reduction strategies\u201d, in Kozak, M. and Andreu, L. (Eds), Progress in Tourism Marketing, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 161-70, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-045040-7.50018-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-045040-7.50018-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1300\/J150v14n02","article-title":"Tourist destination risk perception: the case of Israel","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2010.01.012","article-title":"An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref058","unstructured":"GDT (2018), \u201cGlobal terrorism database\u201d, available at: www.start.umd.edu\/gtd\/ (accessed 17 May 2018)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.1.26","article-title":"The structure of phenotypic personality traits","volume":"48","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287516649059","article-title":"Does international tourism affect transnational terrorism?","volume":"56","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(02)00029-8","article-title":"September 11, 2001 attack on America: a record of the immediate impacts and reactions in the USA travel and tourism industry","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/19434470802482167","article-title":"Terrorism perception and its consequences following the 7 July 2005 London bombings","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916507311898","article-title":"The relative risk perception of travel hazards","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.70.2.35","article-title":"Crossover dreams: consumer responses to ethnic-oriented products","volume":"70","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903","article-title":"How many interviews are enough? \u2013 an experiment with data saturation and variability","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1108\/03090569110144197","article-title":"Cautious incremental consumption: a neglected consumer risk reduction strategy","volume":"25","year":"1991","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref067","unstructured":"Hall, C.M. and O\u2019Sullivan, V. (1996), \u201cTourism, political stability and violence\u201d, in Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (Eds), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 105-21."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/026327690007002014","article-title":"Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture","volume":"7","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theory, Culture & Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2013.835674","article-title":"Religion and perceived travel risks","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.30.012703.110640","article-title":"Values: reviving a dormant concept","volume":"30","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/209523","article-title":"Does cultural capital structure American consumption?","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.11.011","article-title":"Reconfiguring Chinese cultural values and their tourism implications","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref189","first-page":"177","article-title":"Contexts and dynamics of social interaction and information search in decision making for discretionary travel","volume":"8-4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tourism Analysis"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref073","unstructured":"(The) HuffingtonPost (2018), \u201cHow Islamophobia helps ISIS and breeds extremism\u201d, Huffington Post, available at: www.huffingtonpost.com\/ehsan-ahrari\/islamophobia-isis-extremism_b_10029094.html# (accessed 14 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref074","unstructured":"(The) Independent (2018), \u201cUK more concerned about terror than any other country, finds study\u201d, (The) Independent, 18 January, available at: www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/home-news\/uk-terror-concerns-higher-other-countries-isis-terrorism-attacks-study-ipsos-mori-britain-a8147691.html"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-11-2017-0057","article-title":"The German source market perceptions: how risky is Turkey to travel to?","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonas, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (2017), \u201cExploring the interplay between the use of risk-related information, risk perception formation, and the stages of travel product consumption\u201d, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 20 No. 14, pp. 1470-88, doi: 10.1080\/13683500.2015.1024104.","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2015.1024104"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287509355323","article-title":"Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries","volume":"50","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref078","volume-title":"Fairness versus Welfare","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref079","volume-title":"The Effects of News Media on Leisure Tourists\u2019 Perception of Risk and Willingness to Travel, with Specific Reference to Events of Terrorism and Political Instability","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2016.06.017","article-title":"News framing effects on destination risk perception","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref081","first-page":"138","article-title":"Understanding the role of risk (perception) in destination choice: a literature review and synthesis","volume":"65","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tourism"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x","article-title":"The social amplification of risk-a conceptual framework","volume":"8","year":"1988","journal-title":"Society for Risk Analysis"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref190","volume-title":"The Sociology of Cosmopolitanism: Globalization, Identity, Culture and Government","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1108\/10878570310455006","article-title":"Scenario planning after 9\/11: managing the impact of a catastrophic event","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strategy & Leadership"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1356766715591870","article-title":"Destination image formation process: a holistic model","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vacation Marketing"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref085","unstructured":"Kluckhohn, C. (1951), \u201cValues and value-orientations in the theory of action: an exploration in definition and classification\u201d, in Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (Eds), Toward a General Theory of Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 388-433."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692399","article-title":"Scared selfish: a culture of fear\u2019s values in the age of terrorism","volume":"35","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Sociologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/14766825.2011.639455","article-title":"Being lost: tourism, risk and vulnerability in the post-\u20189\/11\u2019 entertainment industry","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref088","unstructured":"Koskela, H. (2010), \u201cFear and its otherse\u201d, in Smith, S.J., Pain, R., Marston, S.A. and Jones, J.P. (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies, SAGE Publications, London, pp. 389-409."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.607","article-title":"The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers","volume":"9","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref090","unstructured":"Kvale, S. (Ed.) (1989), Issues of Validity in Qualitative Research, Studentlitteratur, Lund."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.576","article-title":"The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions","volume":"8","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2007.08.002","article-title":"Sensation seeking and tourism: tourist role, perception of risk and destination choice","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400265","article-title":"What we talk about when we talk about \u2018global mindset\u2019: managerial cognition in multinational corporations","volume":"38","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M. and Barrett, L.F. (Eds) (2008), Handbook of Emotions, 3rd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, doi: 10.2307\/2076468.","DOI":"10.2307\/2076468"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8502_09","article-title":"Measuring values with the short Schwartz\u2019s value survey","volume":"85","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A. and Pratt, S. (2017), \u201cTourism\u2019s vulnerability and resilience to terrorism\u201d, The Journal of Tourism Management, Vol. 34, pp. 404-17, doi: 10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.01.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016420","article-title":"Changing, priming, and acting on values: effects via motivational relations in a circular model","volume":"97","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfeld, Y. and Pizam, A. (2006), Tourism, Security, and Safety: From Theory to Practice, 2nd ed., Elsevier\/Butterwoth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, doi: 10.1016\/B978-0-7506-7898-8.50012-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-7898-8.50012-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/S0038038599000061","article-title":"Consumption and the problem of variety: cultural omnivorousness, social distinction, and dining out","volume":"33","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00132516","article-title":"Phenomenography: describing conceptions of the world around us","volume":"10","year":"1981","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref100","volume-title":"Learning and Conception of the World Around","year":"1977"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref101","volume-title":"Toward a Psychology of Being","year":"1968","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref102","unstructured":"Merton, R.K. (1957), Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216639245","article-title":"Values stability and change in adulthood: a 3-year longitudinal study of rank-order stability and mean-level differences","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/004728759503300304","article-title":"The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: the central Florida case","volume":"33","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/03090569910249229","article-title":"Consumer perceived risk: conceptualisations and models","volume":"33","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref106","first-page":"47","article-title":"Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: a cross-cultural and gender analysis","volume":"6","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Euro-Marketing"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02642060308565621","article-title":"Risk reduction in purchasing organisational professional services","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morakabati, Y. (2013), \u201cTourism in the Middle East: conflicts, crises and economic diversification, some critical issues\u201d, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 375-87, doi: 10.1002\/jtr.1882.","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.1882"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2068","article-title":"Personality, risk perception, benefit sought and terrorism effect","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09502388800490011","article-title":"At Henry Parkes motel","volume":"2","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cultural Studies"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref111","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, A. (2008), \u201cFear and anxiety: overlaps and dissociations\u201d, in Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M. and Barrett, L.F. (Eds), Handbook of Emotions, The Guilford Press, New York, NY, pp. 709-29."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref112","first-page":"17","article-title":"Fear and fantasy: the elsewheres of post-9\/11 tourism","volume":"2","year":"2004","journal-title":"E-Review of Tourism Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348017704497","article-title":"Destination image versus risk perception","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(02)00005-5","article-title":"Destination image analysis \u2013 a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.02.008","article-title":"Destination positioning opportunities using personal values: elicited through the repertory test with laddering analysis","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5367\/000000000101297523","article-title":"Tourism and terrorism: a quantitative analysis of major terrorist acts and their impact on tourism destinations","volume":"6","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tourism Economics"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref117","volume-title":"The Popcorn Report: Faith Popcorn on the Future of Your Company, Your World, Your Life","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500308667960","article-title":"Tourism, religion and religiosity: a holy mess","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213499937","article-title":"Different effects of religion and God on prosociality with the ingroup and outgroup","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14775080902847439","article-title":"Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: the case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Tourism"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431006068765","article-title":"Cultural uniqueness and aesthetic cosmopolitanism","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Theory"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref122","unstructured":"Reuters (2017), \u201cStockholm attack puts a choke-hold on Swedish tolerance\u201d, Reuters, 12 April, available at: www.reuters.com\/article\/us-sweden-attack-immigration\/stockholm-attack-puts-a-choke-hold-on-swedish-tolerance-idUSKBN17E1VX"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5177(86)90033-6","article-title":"Terrorism and tourism as logical companions","volume":"7","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBUSRES.2008.01.041","article-title":"Consumer cosmopolitanism: review and replication of the CYMYC scale","volume":"62","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2011.51","article-title":"Cosmopolitan consumers as a target group for segmentation","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2016.1156616","article-title":"Segmentation by travel related risks: an integrated approach","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348011425494","article-title":"Tourists\u2019 perceived risks toward overt safety measures","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2008.08.001","article-title":"Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: the case of Thailand","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2011.07.013","article-title":"Perceptions of importance and what safety is enough","volume":"65","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccas, S. and Sagiv, L. (Eds) (2017), Values and Behaviour: Taking a Cultural Perspective, Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-56352-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56352-7"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccas, S., Sagiv, L. and Navon, M. (2017), \u201cMethodological issues in studying personal values\u201d, in Roccas, S. and Sagiv, L. (Eds), Values and Behavior: Taking a Cross Cultural Perspective, Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 15-50, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-56352-7_2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56352-7_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12041","article-title":"Integrating content and structure aspects of the self: traits, values, and self-improvement","volume":"82","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/004728759203000403","article-title":"Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis","volume":"30","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref133","volume-title":"The Nature of Human Values","year":"1973"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.65.1.884p8d1a2hxxnk79","article-title":"Testing an ethnographic decision tree model on a national sample: recycling beverage cans","volume":"65","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287513496472","article-title":"The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development; a cross-country panel analysis","volume":"53","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref136","unstructured":"Saldana, J. (2016), The Coding Manual For Qualitative Researchers, SAGE Publications, London."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/0729436970160207","article-title":"Are phenomenographic results reliable?","volume":"16","year":"1997","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2307\/1556383","article-title":"Understanding human competence at work: an integrative approach","volume":"43","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287515612595","article-title":"Acceptance of life-threatening hazards among young tourists: a stated choice experiment","volume":"55","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6","article-title":"Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x","article-title":"Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?","volume":"50","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref142","unstructured":"Schwartz, S.H. (2005), \u201cRobustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual human values\u201d, in Tamayo, A. and Porto, J. (Eds), Valores e comportamento nas organizac, Atoes (Values and Behavior in Organizations), Vozes, Petropolis, pp. 56-95."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, S.H. (2006), \u201cValue orientations: measurement, antecedents and consequences across nations\u201d, in Jowell, R., Roberts, C., Fitzgerald, R. and Eva, G. (Eds), Measuring Attitudes Cross-Nationally, SAGE Publications, London, pp. 169-204, available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781849209458","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209458"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00062","article-title":"Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in eastern Europe","volume":"18","year":"1997","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022101032003002","article-title":"Value hierarchies across cultures taking a similarities perspective","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2014.934904","article-title":"The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabra, C., Abrantes, J.L. and Lages, L.F. (2007), \u201cThe impact of using non-media information sources on the future use of mass media information sources: the mediating role of expectations fulfillment\u201d, Tourism Management, Vol. 28 No. 6, pp. 1541-54, doi: 10.1016\/J.TOURMAN.2007.02.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2007.02.008"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J.L. and Kastenholz, E. (2013), \u201cHeterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists\u201d, Tourism Management, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 502-10, doi: 10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.09.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.09.008"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276404047418","article-title":"Locating cosmopolitanism: between humanist ideal and grounded social category","volume":"21","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theory, Culture & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(97)00093-5","article-title":"Tourism, terrorism, and political instability","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/004728759803700209","article-title":"Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety","volume":"37","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6nmez, S.F. and Graefe, A.R. (1998b), \u201cInfluence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions\u201d, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 112-44, doi: 10.1016\/S0160-7383(97)00072-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(97)00072-8"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souiden, N., Ladhari, R. and Chiadmi, N.E. (2017), \u201cDestination personality and destination image\u201d, The Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol. 32, pp. 54-70, doi: 10.1016\/j.jhtm.2017.04.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2017.04.003"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref153","unstructured":"Statista (2018), \u201cGlobal cruise industry: passengers 2009\u20132018 | Statistic\u201d, available at: www.statista.com\/statistics\/385445\/number-of-passengers-of-the-cruise-industry-worldwide\/ (accessed 9 June 2018)."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref154","first-page":"98","article-title":"War, terror, catastrophes and their impact on tourist markets","volume":"50","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wirtschaftsgeographie"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/19368623.2010.493071","article-title":"Destination image: a meta-analysis of 2000\u20132007 research","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-10-2016-0047","article-title":"Attractiveness of the United States as a travel destination for the Russian tourist in the era of strained bilateral relations","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000072","article-title":"Desired emotions across cultures: a value-based account","volume":"111","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/07363769910260515","article-title":"Strategies for reducing consumers\u2019 risk aversion in Internet shopping","volume":"16","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Marketing"},{"issue":"194","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348006297290","article-title":"Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image","volume":"31","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3727\/152599506776771544","article-title":"Impacts of tourism-related safety and security at a major sport event","volume":"9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Event Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1086\/209560","article-title":"Trying to be cosmopolitan","volume":"26","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/004728759903700406","article-title":"Multidestination travel patterns of international visitors to Queensland","volume":"37","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref163","unstructured":"Time (2018), \u201c\u2018We fear further violence.\u2019 Far-right terrorism is growing in the UK\u201d, Time, 2 March, available at: http:\/\/time.com\/5180682\/far-right-terrorism-on-rise-uk-hope-not-hate\/"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref164","unstructured":"TripAdvisor (2018), \u201cThe 10 best Cancun all inclusive resorts \u2013 July 2018\u201d, available at: www.tripadvisor.com\/HotelsList-Cancun-All-Inclusive-Resorts-zfp41319.html (accessed 10 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref165","unstructured":"UNWTO (2017), \u201cUN World Tourism Organisation \u2013 tourism highlights\u201d, UN World Tourism Organisation, 2017 ed., available at: www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.18111\/9789284419029 (accessed 14 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref166","unstructured":"US Department of State (2017), \u201cAnnex of Statistical Information\u201d, Statistical Information on Terrorism in 2016, available at: www.state.gov\/documents\/organization\/272485.pdf (accessed 14 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref167","unstructured":"US Department of State (2018), \u201cTravel advisories\u201d, available at: https:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/travel\/en\/traveladvisories\/traveladvisories.html\/ (accessed 14 July 2018)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10548400802164871","article-title":"Travel behavior in troubled times: the role of consumer self-confidence","volume":"25","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref169","unstructured":"Van Niekerk, M.and Pizam, A. (2015), \u201cHow do terrorism and tourism co-exist in turbulent times?\u201d, in Glaser, K. (Ed.), Terrorism and the Economy. Impacts on the Capital Market and the Global Tourism Industry, 1st ed., Eleven International Publishing, The Hague, pp. 109-26."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.06.002","article-title":"Stability and change of basic personal values in early adulthood: an 8-year longitudinal study","volume":"63","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9029.2006.00007.x","article-title":"Values following a major terrorist incident: Finnish adolescent and student values before and after September 11, 2001","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024111622266","article-title":"Sacrificing civil liberties to reduce terrorism risks","volume":"26","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Uncertainty"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-10-2016-0035","article-title":"Exploring the dimensions of place branding: an application of the ICON model to the branding of Toronto","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/095465590899768","article-title":"The challenges of conceptualizing terrorism","volume":"16","year":"2010","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287514523334","article-title":"Tourism risk and uncertainty: theoretical reflections","volume":"54","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref176","unstructured":"Williams, R.M.J. (1968), \u201cValues\u201d, in Sills, E. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Macmillan, New York, NY, available at: www.encyclopedia.com\/social-sciences\/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines\/values (accessed 14 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2021041415105257700_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, K. and Larsen, S. (2014), \u201cCan terrorism make us feel safer? Risk perceptions and worries before and after the July 22nd attacks\u201d, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 200-09, doi: 10.1016\/j.annals.2013.10.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2013.10.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12326","article-title":"Flux and permanence of risk perceptions: tourists\u2019 perception of the relative and absolute risk for various destinations","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/004728758902700402","article-title":"A general model of traveler destination choice","volume":"27","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002704270847","article-title":"The role of personal experience in contributing to different patterns of response to rare terrorist attacks","volume":"49","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/109634809702100110","article-title":"Research: an analysis of sun-spot destination resort market segments: all-inclusive package versus independent travel arrangements","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/14616689908721333","article-title":"The relationship between tourist motivations and the interpretation of place meanings","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tourism Geographies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref183","first-page":"379","article-title":"Content analysis research method with Nvivo-6 software in a PhD thesis: an approach to the long-term psychological effects on Chilean ex-prisoners survivors of experiences of torture and imprisonment","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030478","article-title":"Dimensions of sensation seeking","volume":"36","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041415105257700_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1116","article-title":"An overview of the Schwartz-theory of basic values","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online Readings in Psychology and Culture"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Tourism Cities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJTC-03-2018-0024\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJTC-03-2018-0024\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:01:20Z","timestamp":1765202480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijtc\/article\/4\/4\/452-483\/156623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJTC-03-2018-0024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijtc-03-2018-0024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5607","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]}}}