{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:47:24Z","timestamp":1762642044634,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drawing insights from institutional theory, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the synergistic effects of a range of entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFCs) on the capacity to start a business within different types of economies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a preliminary study that uses data from the National Expert Survey-Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (NES-GEM). Specifically, the data were gathered through the application of a questionnaire to National Entrepreneurship Experts in a cross-cultural context. Two countries \u2013 Portugal and Angola \u2013 are analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the five structural relationships involving institutional drivers analysed, four are found to be statistically significant in the Portuguese sample. Three are found to be statistically significant in the Angolan sample. The results from the multigroup analysis did not support most of the proposed relationship between the two countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is limited by the number and type of countries selected and by the fact that each sub-sample covers several years. It also relies on the perceptions of national experts on entrepreneurship covering several areas. Another limitation is based on the fact that this study emphasises mainly a macro perspective. Therefore, interpretation of these findings and their generalisation should be made with caution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, this study addresses an area of the GEM model that is believed to be under-researched (NES). Second, the model presented is based on latent variables and analysed through a variance-based method, PLS-structural equation modelling. Third, this study compares the proposed relationships between two sub-sample data sets that represent a factor-driven economy and an innovation-driven economy. Fourth, and most importantly, this study responds to the call for the need to use a new procedure for measurement invariance assessment for composite modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/imr-12-2015-0279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T07:11:18Z","timestamp":1508137878000},"page":"787-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Institutional-driven dimensions and the capacity to start a business"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jose Carlos M.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, D. (2006), \u201cModeling inefficient institutions\u201d, in Blundell, R., Newey, W. and Persson, T. (Eds), Advances in Economic Theory, Proceedings of 2005 World Congress, Cambidge University Press, New York, NY, pp. 341-380.","DOI":"10.3386\/w11940"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.01.005","article-title":"Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: a comparative perspective","volume":"23","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-010-9299-y","article-title":"Size matters: entrepreneurial entry and government","volume":"39","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref004","unstructured":"Amor\u00f3s, J. and Bosma, N. (2014), \u201cGlobal entrepreneurship monitor 2013 global report: fifteen years of assessing entrepreneurship across the globe\u201d, available at: www.gemconsortium.org\/docs\/3106\/gem-2013-global-report\/ (accessed 10 November 2014)."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEV.2013.053591","article-title":"Ten years of global entrepreneurship monitor: accomplishments and prospects","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref006","first-page":"45","article-title":"Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: panel data evidence","volume":"102","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(01)00068-4","article-title":"A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref008","first-page":"234","article-title":"Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref009","first-page":"285","article-title":"The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: personal computer adoption and use as an illustration","volume":"2","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technology Studies (Special Issue on Research Methodology)"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1086\/261712","article-title":"Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive, and destructive","volume":"98","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"volume-title":"Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs","year":"1993","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref012"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(87)90005-X","article-title":"New ventures and employment growth","volume":"2","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2010.62","article-title":"Individualism-collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(02)00079-4","article-title":"An institutional view of China\u2019s venture capital industry: explaining the differences between China and the West","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2010.00390.x","article-title":"Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2009.3","article-title":"Institutional differences and the development of entrepreneurial ventures: a comparison of the venture capital industries in Latin America and Asia","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2307\/1556423","article-title":"Country institutional profiles: unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena","volume":"43","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1108\/02651331011088245","article-title":"Comparative, cross-cultural, and cross-national research: a comment on good and bad practice","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"volume-title":"Reliability and Validity Assessment","year":"1979","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref020"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carree, M. and Thurik, R. (2003), \u201cThe impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth\u201d, in Acs, Z.J. and Audretsch, D.B. (Eds), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 437-471.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24519-7_17"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref301","unstructured":"Casson, M. (2003), \u201cEntrepreneurship, business culture and the theory of the firm\u201d, in Audretsch, Z.J. (Ed.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 223-246."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref022","unstructured":"Chin, W. (1998), \u201cThe partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling\u201d, in Marcoulides, G.A. (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 295-358."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref023","unstructured":"Chin, W. and Newsted, P. (1999), \u201cStructural equation modeling analysis with small samples using PLS\u201d, in Hoyle, R.H. (Ed.), Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 307-341."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, W.W. and Dibbern, J. (2010), \u201cA permutation based procedure for multi-group PLS analysis: results of tests of differences on simulated data and a cross cultural analysis of the sourcing of information system services between Germany and the USA\u201d, in Vinzi, E.V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J. and Wang, H. (Eds), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications, Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics Series, Vol. II, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London and New York, NY, pp. 171-193.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32827-8_8"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref024","first-page":"47","article-title":"Comparing subjective and objective indicators to describe the national entrepreneurial context: the global entrepreneurship monitor and the global competitiveness index contributions","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigaciones Regionales"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref025","first-page":"277","article-title":"From own-account worker to job creator","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4870(97)00004-4","article-title":"Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates","volume":"18","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref027","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Capturing institutional home country conditions for exporting SMEs","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(87)90002-3","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation","volume":"8","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior"},{"volume-title":"A Primer for Soft Modelling","year":"1992","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref029"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref030","first-page":"39","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"28","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-006-0044-2","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and its determinants in cross-country setting","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Economics"},{"issue":"350","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1975.10479865","article-title":"The predictive sample reuse method with applications","volume":"70","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref034","first-page":"143","article-title":"Entrepreneurial engagement levels in the European Union","volume":"3","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal Entrepreneurship Education"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref035","unstructured":"Gupta, V. and Hanges, P. (2001), \u201cRegional and climate clustering of social cultures\u201d, in House, R., Hanges, P., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. and Gupta, V. (Eds), Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The Globe Study of 62 Societies, Sage, London, pp. 178-218."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref303","first-page":"1","article-title":"Institutional environment for entrepreneurship: evidence from the developmental states of South Korea and United Arab Emirates","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship"},{"volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)","year":"2014","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref036"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halloran, M. and Kashima, E. (2006), \u201cCulture, social identity and the individual\u201d, in Postmes, T. and Jetten, J. (Eds), Individuality and the Group, Sage Publications, London, pp. 137-154.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446211946.n8"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/104225870202600403","article-title":"National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioural research","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-09-2015-0382","article-title":"Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines","volume":"116","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Management & Data Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-base structural equation modeling","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-09-2014-0304","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance of composite using partial least squares","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/0007650314567641","article-title":"Entrepreneurship amid concurrent institutional constraints in less developed countries","volume":"55","year":"2016","journal-title":"Business & Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2006.11.002","article-title":"I think I can, I think I can: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behaviour","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"first-page":"180","article-title":"Country institutional profiles: concept and measurement","year":"1997","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref043"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.10.008","article-title":"Nations of entrepreneurs: a social capital perspective","volume":"25","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6419.00088","article-title":"Empirical studies of self-employment","volume":"13","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-008-9136-8","article-title":"A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"6\/7","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref046","first-page":"545","article-title":"Cultural entrepreneurship: stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940510615460","article-title":"Entrepreneurs as cultural heroes: a cross- cultural, interdisciplinary perspective","volume":"20","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref048","unstructured":"Manolova, T., Eunni, R. and Gyoshev, B. (2008), \u201cInstitutional environments for entrepreneurship: evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe\u201d, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 203-218."},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref049","first-page":"174","article-title":"Measuring entrepreneurship at the country level: a review and research agenda","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship & Regional Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-016-9738-5","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and strategies for economic development","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"volume-title":"The Achieving Society","year":"1961","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref051"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2008.00260.x","article-title":"Economic freedom and the motivation to engage in entrepreneurial action","volume":"32","year":"2008","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref053","first-page":"835","article-title":"Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness","volume":"47","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"volume-title":"Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance","year":"1990","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref054"},{"volume-title":"Understanding the Process of Economic Change","year":"2005","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref055"},{"volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","year":"1978","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref056"},{"volume-title":"The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship","year":"2004","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref057"},{"volume-title":"The Economics of Entrepreneurship","year":"2009","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref058"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2010.00280.x","article-title":"Group status and entrepreneurship","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Management Strategy"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref061","unstructured":"Porter, M., Sachs, J.J. and McArthur, J. (2002), \u201cExecutive summary: competitiveness and stages of economic development\u201d, in Porter, M.E., Sachs, J.J., Cornelius, P.K., McArthur, J.W. and Schwab, K. (Eds), The Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 16-25."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref062","unstructured":"Reynolds, P., Hay, M. and Camp, S. (1999), \u201cGlobal Entrepreneurship Monitor: 1999 executive report\u201d, available at: www.gemconsortium.org (accessed 15 November 2014)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1980-1","article-title":"Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection and implementation 1998-2003","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref306","unstructured":"Ringle, C., Wende, S. and Becker, J.-M. (2015), \u201cSmartPLS3. Hamburg: SmartPLS\u201d, available at: http:\/\/smartpls.com"},{"edition":"1st ed.","volume-title":"Institutions and Organizations","year":"1995","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref064"},{"edition":"3rd ed.","volume-title":"Institutions and Organizations: Ideas and Interests","year":"2008","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref065"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(93)90011-S","article-title":"Cultural influences on national rates of innovation","volume":"8","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1108\/CCM-02-2013-0036","article-title":"Culture in Angola: insights for human resources management","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cross Cultural Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2013.11.033","article-title":"Institutional and economic drivers of entrepreneurship: an international perspective","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref307","unstructured":"Singer, Amor\u00f3s and Arreola (2015), \u201cGlobal entrepreneurship monitor (2015)\u201d, GEM 2014 Global Report, available at: http:\/\/gemconsortium.org\/ (accessed September 2015)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2011.11.002","article-title":"Exploring country-level institutional arrangements on the rate and type of entrepreneurial activity","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2010.14","article-title":"Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: a cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship","volume":"41","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/0898562042000197135","article-title":"Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social dimensions","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship & Regional Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","article-title":"Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions","volume":"36","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref073","unstructured":"Storey, D. (2003), \u201cEntrepreneurship, small and medium sized enterprises and public policies\u201d, in Acs, Z.J. and Audretsch, D.B. (Eds), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 473-511."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref074","unstructured":"Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1986), \u201cThe social identity theory of inter-group behavior\u201d, in Worchel, S. and Austin, W.G. (Eds), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL, pp. 21-61."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2010.07.001","article-title":"Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2013.07.005","article-title":"Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.01.007","article-title":"Does self employment reduce unemployment?","volume":"23","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"volume-title":"Social Influence","year":"1991","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref078"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref079","unstructured":"Turner, J.C. and Onorato, R.S. (1999), \u201cSocial identity, personality, and the self-concept: a self-categorizing perspective\u201d, in Tyler, T., Kramer, R. and John, O. (Eds), The Psychology of the Social Self: Applied Social Research, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 11-46."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2009.04.001","article-title":"The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism","volume":"25","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-013-9523-7","article-title":"Institutional dimensions and entrepreneurial activity: na international study","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref082","first-page":"983","article-title":"Institutional determinants of macro-level entrepreneurship","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-007-9074-x","article-title":"What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research","volume":"29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1996-6","article-title":"The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref085","first-page":"171","article-title":"The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"volume-title":"The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts","year":"1914","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref086"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2004.03.002","article-title":"Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image","volume":"20","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref308","unstructured":"Vilares, M.J., Almeida, M. and Coelho, P. (2009), \u201cComparison of likelihood and PLS estimators for structural equation modeling: a simulation with customer satisfaction data\u201d, in Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J. and Wang, H. (Eds), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications, Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics Series, Vol. II, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London and New York, NY, pp. 289-305."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.18.080192.001345","article-title":"Concepts and measurements of prestige","volume":"18","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref089","first-page":"756","article-title":"How culture moulds the effects of self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurship","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship & Regional Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1994-8","article-title":"Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008063200484","article-title":"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth","volume":"13","year":"1999","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref092","unstructured":"Wold, H. (1985), \u201cPartial least squares\u201d, in Kotz, S. and Johnson, N.L. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Vol. 6, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 581-591."},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref093","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2014), \u201cThe Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015: full data edition\u201d, available at: www.weforum.org\/reports\/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015 (accessed 10 November 2014)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-013-9517-5","article-title":"GEM research: achievements and challenges","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/10.1.267","article-title":"What\u2019s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies","volume":"10","year":"2001","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref096","first-page":"10","article-title":"Consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations","volume":"81","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.12004","article-title":"Shadow economy and entrepreneurial entry","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Development Economics"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref098","unstructured":"Freytag, A. and Thurik, R. (2010), \u201cIntroducing entrepreneurship and culture\u201d, in Freytag, A. and Thurik, R. (Eds), Entrepreneurship and Culture, Springer, New York, NY pp. 1-8."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(96)00060-2","article-title":"Resource needs and the dynamic capitalism typology","volume":"12","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"edition":"2nd ed.","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)","year":"2017","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref100"},{"volume-title":"Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind","year":"1991","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref101"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2010.00396.x","article-title":"Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: the impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licht, A. (2010), \u201cEntrepreneurial motivations, culture and law\u201d, in Freytag, A. and Thurik, R. (Eds), Entrepreneurship and Culture, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 11-40.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87910-7_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x","article-title":"An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications","volume":"60","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.04.006","article-title":"Entrepreneurship in an around institutional voids: a case study from Bangladesh","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"volume-title":"Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics","year":"1989","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref105"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2307\/1556422","article-title":"Cross-cultural cognitions and the venture creation decision","volume":"43","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref108","unstructured":"OECD (2014), \u201cPortugal: deepening structural reform to support growth and competitiveness\u201d, OECD Publications, Paris, available at: www.oecd.org\/publishing\/corrigenda (accessed 10 November 2014)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref109","first-page":"695","article-title":"Law and the economics of entrepreneurship","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal"},{"key":"key2020120417292131800_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, W. and DiMaggio, P. (Eds) (1991), New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226185941.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"The Entrepreneurial Process","year":"1997","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref111"},{"volume-title":"SmartPLS Version 2.0 (Beta)","year":"2006","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref112"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2012.01.004","article-title":"Start-up incentives: entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme?","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1108\/19348831011062175","article-title":"Formal and informal institutional effects on entrepreneurship: a synthesis of national-level research","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Organizational Analysis"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(03)00040-7","article-title":"The relationship among national institutional structures, economic factors, and domestic entrepreneurial activity: a multi-country study","volume":"57","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"volume-title":"Entrepreneurship as Social Change. A Third Movements in Entrepreneurship Book","year":"2006","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref116"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490906","article-title":"Entrepreneurship: assessing the relevance of culture","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-006-9020-3","article-title":"Opportunity identification and pursuit: does an entrepreneur\u2019s human capital matter?","volume":"30","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-006-0046-0","article-title":"Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Evolution Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(93)90028-4","article-title":"The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship","volume":"8","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"volume-title":"Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology","year":"1978\/1922","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref121"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120417292131800_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-2000-1","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: evidence from GEM data","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"}],"container-title":["International Marketing Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMR-12-2015-0279\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMR-12-2015-0279\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:33:11Z","timestamp":1753392791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/imr\/article\/34\/6\/787-813\/187502"}},"subtitle":["A preliminary study based on two countries"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IMR-12-2015-0279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/imr-12-2015-0279","relation":{},"ISSN":["0265-1335"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0265-1335"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]}}}