{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:07:02Z","timestamp":1770833222812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCOM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to analyse the current literature on women in public relations to establish trends and areas of inquiry in the literature and identify research gaps for future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 223 articles have been empirically analysed using thematic analysis to identify trends in the existing literature. The data has been coded and analysed per decade (1982\u20131989, 1990\u20131999, 2000\u20132009, 2010\u20132019). The articles have been identified by searching major journals in the field of public relations and communications, as well as snowballing from identified articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that the majority of academic articles have been produced by using lived experiences of women working in the public relations industry and thus reflect the professional situation of female public relations employees. The results show that the position of women has reached a full circle in four decades of research and returned to the discriminatory work environment. Finally, the results show that a liberal feminist perspective has an advantage in the literature since the majority of works have been produced in the United States; however, there is an increase in authors calling for the use of socialist and radical feminism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper provides a comprehensive literature review of works published in the field. The paper takes an empirical approach to the analysis rather than the descriptive one, which helped in identifying major trends in the research and identified a research gap for future inquiries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jcom-11-2019-0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T08:59:32Z","timestamp":1586163572000},"page":"391-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Women in public relations (1982\u20132019)"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5894-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Topi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e4o","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Reigstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alenka","family":"Jelen-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532754XJPRR1402_2","article-title":"Gender discrepancies in a gendered profession: a developing theory for public relations","volume":"14","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is it still just a women's issue? A study of work-life balance among men and women in public relations?","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Relations Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr1002_01","article-title":"The language of leadership for female public relations professionals","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03016.x","article-title":"A (re) conceived feminist paradigm for public relations: a case for substantial improvement","volume":"55","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref005","first-page":"273","article-title":"La influencia del g\u00e9nero en el management de la comunicaci\u00f3n corporativa: estudio de caso en Arag\u00f3n (Espa\u00f1a)","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prisma Social: revista de investigaci\u00f3n social"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref006","first-page":"41","article-title":"Igualdade de g\u00e9nero na profiss\u00e3o de rela\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas: estudo explorat\u00f3rio com estudantes de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o organizacional (Gender equity in the PR profession: exploratory study with organizational communication students)","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"EXEDRA Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref007","first-page":"6","article-title":"Will women inherit the profession?","volume":"39","year":"1983","journal-title":"Public Relations Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2009.03.002","article-title":"A descriptive inquiry into the corporate communication profession in Europe","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(82)80028-3","article-title":"A comparison of sex roles in public relations","volume":"8","year":"1982","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532754XJPRR1204_2","article-title":"Diversity issues and public relations","volume":"12","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0701_03","article-title":"Toward a feminist theory of public relations","volume":"7","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref013","unstructured":"CIPR (2014a), \u201cCIPR launches nine recommendations for enabling flexible working in public relations\u201d, available at: https:\/\/newsroom.cipr.co.uk\/cipr-launches-nine-recommendations-for-enabling-flexible-working-in-public-relations\/ (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref014","unstructured":"CIPR (2014b), \u201cCIPR issues commitment to tackle equal pay and gender balance in public relations\u201d, available at: https:\/\/newsroom.cipr.co.uk\/cipr-issues-commitment-to-tackle-equal-pay-and-gender-balance-in-public-relations\/ (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref015","unstructured":"CIPR (2016b), \u201cPR and pay equality: a qualitative study into challenges and perspectives on gender pay\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.cipr.co.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/10932_PR&PAY_Equality_Report.pdf (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref016","unstructured":"CIPR (2017), \u201cPR and pay equality report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.cipr.co.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/10932_PR&PAY_Equality_Report.pdf (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref017","unstructured":"CIPR (2017a), \u201cThe state of the profession report 2016\/2017\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.cipr.co.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/10911_State%20of%20PR%202017_f1.pdf (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref018","unstructured":"CIPR (2018a), \u201cThe state of the profession report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CIPRPaul\/cipr-state-of-the-profession-2018 (accessed 15 December 2019)."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref019","volume-title":"The Velvet Ghetto: The Impact of the Increasing Percentage of Women in Public Relations and Business Communication","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-8111(93)90005-W","article-title":"Acknowledging the infrasystem: a critical feminist analysis of systems theory","volume":"19","year":"1993","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref021","first-page":"67","article-title":"Public relations and \u2018women's work\u2019: toward a feminist analysis of public relations roles","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Relations Research Annual"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref022","first-page":"138","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"1","year":"1989","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref023","volume-title":"Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Liberation","year":"1973"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(89)80035-9","article-title":"Gaps are narrowing between female and male students","volume":"15","year":"1989","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"How much does my baby cost? An analysis of gender differences in income, career interruption, and child-bearing","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Relations Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(88)80041-9","article-title":"Breaking public relations glass ceiling","volume":"14","year":"1988","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref027","unstructured":"Dubrowski, M., McCorkindale and Rickert, R. (2019), \u201cMind the gap: women's leadership in public relations\u201d, available at: https:\/\/instituteforpr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/IPR.KPMG-WIL-Study-FINAL041219-compressed.pdf (accessed 17 May 2019)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/10627260802640674","article-title":"Symbolic power and public relations practice: locating individual practitioners in their social context","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref029","unstructured":"Edwards, L. (2011), \u201cDiversity in public relations\u201d, in Edwards, L. and Hodges, C.E.M. (Eds), Public Relations, Society and Culture: Theoretical and Empirical Explorations, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, pp. 75-89."},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref030","unstructured":"Fitch, K. and Third, A. (2014), \u201cEx-Journos and promo girls: feminization and professionalization in the Australian public relations industry\u201d, in Daymon, C. and Demetrious, K. (Eds), Gender and Public Relations: Critical Perspectives on Voice, Image and Identity, Routledge, London, pp. 247-268."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2014.02.029","article-title":"Promoting the vampire rights amendment: public relations, postfeminism and true blood","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/10627260701331754","article-title":"PR bunnies caught in the agency ghetto? Gender stereotypes, organizational factors, and women's careers in PR agencies","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref033","first-page":"10","article-title":"Status of women in public relations","volume":"31","year":"1975","journal-title":"Public Relations Journal"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0201-4_5","article-title":"Power in the public relations department","volume":"2","year":"1990","journal-title":"Public Relations Research Annual"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0301-4_4","article-title":"Court-ordered relief from sex discrimination in the foreign service: implications for women working in development communication","volume":"3","year":"1991","journal-title":"Public Relations Research Annual"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0702_03","article-title":"The consequences of culture for public relations: the case of women in the foreign service","volume":"7","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026050","article-title":"Implications of culture and gender for governmental public affairs","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr1802_3","article-title":"Feminist phase Analysis in public relations: where have we been? Where do we need to Be?","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532754XJPRR1201_4","article-title":"Feminist Values in Public Relations","volume":"12","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr1001_01","article-title":"Dissonant notes of a retiring feminist: Doris E. Fleischman's later years","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref039","unstructured":"Jelen-Sanchez, A. (2018), \u201cExperiencing public relations as an academic discipline: what do scholarly views and published research tell us?\u201d, in Bridgen, E. and Ver\u010di\u010d, D. (Eds), Experiencing Public Relations: International Voices, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 6-25."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Girls on screen: how film and television depict women in public relations","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"PRism"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref041","volume-title":"Beyond The Velvet Ghetto","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(88)80046-8","article-title":"Making peace with gender issues in public relations","volume":"14","year":"1988","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref043","unstructured":"Lapadat, J. (2010), \u201cThematic analysis\u201d, in Mills, A.J.; Durepos, G. and Wiebe, E. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 926-928."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2018.03.002","article-title":"Revisiting gendered assumptions of practitioner power: an exploratory study examining the role of social media expertise","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1108\/JCOM-01-2014-0006","article-title":"\u2018It's always been a sexless trade\u2019; \u2018It's clean work\u2019; \u2018There's very little velvet curtain\u2019, Gender and public relations in post-Second World War Britain","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(88)80044-4","article-title":"Women in PR: progression or retrogression?","volume":"14","year":"1988","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref047","first-page":"102","article-title":"En torno a la investigaci\u00f3n en relaciones p\u00fablicas","volume":"62","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Latina de Comunicaci\u00f3n Social"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(88)80045-6","article-title":"Women in public relations graduate study","volume":"14","year":"1988","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(97)90035-7","article-title":"Woman, man, lady, horse: Jane Stewart, public relations executive","volume":"23","year":"1997","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why do the best jobs go to men?","volume":"25","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journalism Review"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref051","volume-title":"Latin American Communication Monitor 2014- 2015: Excelencia en comunicaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica, trabajo en la era digital, social media y profesionalismo - Resultados de una encuesta en 18 pa\u00edses","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref052","volume-title":"Latin American Communication Monitor 2016-2017. Tendencias en comunicaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica: big data, automatizaci\u00f3n, engagement, influencers, couching y competencias. Resultados de una encuesta en 17 pa\u00edses","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref053","volume-title":"Gendercoms. Brechas y oportunidades de g\u00e9nero en la profesi\u00f3n de Gesti\u00f3n de la Comunicaci\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref054","volume-title":"Readme First for a User's Guide to Qualitative Methods","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref055","first-page":"12","article-title":"Toward a definition of feminist social work: a comparison of liberal, radical, and socialist models","volume":"34","year":"1989","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532754XJPRR1502_3","article-title":"An analysis of the relationships among structure, influence, and gender: helping to build a feminist theory of public relations","volume":"15","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2017.10.005","article-title":"Where are the women? An examination of research on women and leadership in public relations","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2012.723278","article-title":"Power-control or empowerment? How women public relations practitioners make meaning of power","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/1532-754X.2004.11925130","article-title":"Linking ethnic diversity and two-way symmetry: modeling female african American practitioners' roles","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2012.626137","article-title":"On social capital and diversity in a feminized industry: further developing a theory of internal public relations","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(86)80005-4","article-title":"Professionalism in Nigerian public relations","volume":"12","year":"1986","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref062","first-page":"519","article-title":"Comunicaci\u00f3n en igualdad: la gesti\u00f3n de la comunicaci\u00f3n organizacional desde una perspectiva de g\u00e9nero","volume-title":"M\u00e1s igualdad, redes para la igualdad: Comunicaci\u00f3n Presentada al Congreso Internacional de la Asociaci\u00f3n Universitaria de Estudios de las Mujeres","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref063","unstructured":"Rakow, L.F. and Nastasia, D.I. (2009), \u201cFeminist theory of public relations: an example from dorothy\u201d, in Smith, E.\u201d, Oyvind, I., van Ruler, B. and Frederiksoon, M. (Eds), Public Relations and Social Theory, Routledge, London."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(85)80081-3","article-title":"Profile: women in Canadian public relations","volume":"11","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0902_02","article-title":"Watch for falling glass\u2026 women, men, and job satisfaction in public relations: a preliminary analysis","volume":"9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2004.09.004","article-title":"Future professionals' perceptions of work, life, and gender issues in public relations","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref067","first-page":"387","article-title":"Australian public relations: status at the turn of the 21st century","volume":"26","year":"1988","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref068","first-page":"26","article-title":"Women in public relations","volume":"24","year":"1968","journal-title":"Public Relations Journal"},{"issue":"17","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref069","first-page":"167","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis del rol profesional de mujeres y hombres en las agencias de publicidad espa\u00f1olas. Percepciones e integraci\u00f3n de igualdad de oportunidades","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sphera P\u00fablica"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref070","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques","year":"1990"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref071","volume-title":"You Just Don't Understand","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref072","first-page":"83","article-title":"One step forward, two steps back? An analysis of public relations practitioners' views on the position of women in the PR industry (2009-2015)","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Politics and Economics of Europe"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(85)80060-6","article-title":"Gender shifts in journalism and public relations","volume":"11","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0739532918806872","article-title":"Not bloke-ified enough? Women journalists, supermarket industry and the debate on sugar in the British press (2010-2015)","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Newspaper Research Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0503_01","article-title":"The missing story of women in public relations","volume":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(83)80195-7","article-title":"On the job: corporate communicators in the United States and the United Kingdom","volume":"9","year":"1983","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2017.01.004","article-title":"Still a lily-white field of women: the state of workforce diversity in public relations practice and research","volume":"43","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref077","first-page":"1","article-title":"How European public relations men and women perceive the impact of their professional activities","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"PRism"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0602_03","article-title":"Women in higher education public relations: an inkling of change?","volume":"6","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"key2020102311475665200_ref079","unstructured":"Yeomans, L. (2014), \u201cGendered performance and identity work in PR consulting relationships: a UK perspective\u201d, in Daymon, C. and Demetreious, K. (Eds), Gender and Public Relations: Critical Perspectives on Voice, Image and Identity, Routledge, London, pp. 87-107."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0704_02","article-title":"The impact of superior-subordinate gender on the career advancement of public relations practitioners","volume":"7","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020102311475665200_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/107769589104600303","article-title":"Women in PR education: an academic \u2018velvet ghetto\u2019?","volume":"46","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journalism Educator"}],"container-title":["Journal of Communication Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JCOM-11-2019-0143\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JCOM-11-2019-0143\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:08:23Z","timestamp":1753394903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jcom\/article\/24\/4\/391-407\/198048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JCOM-11-2019-0143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jcom-11-2019-0143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-254X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-254X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]}}}