{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1771475508615,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFBM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of gender (F\/M), at the management level, on the family company\u2019s performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Company size, age, region and business sector were used as control variables in order to confirm the adjustment of the model to the theory. GMM dynamic panel models were used in order to control for: endogeneity; time-invariant characteristics; possible collinearity between independent variables; effects from possible omission of independent variables; elimination of non-observable individual effects; and the correct estimation of the relationship between the dependent variable in the previous and current periods. The study used data from 199 Portuguese family companies, from 2006 to 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirm the hypothesis from corporate governance literature, which argues that board diversity is potentially positively related to firm performance, showing that the presence of a female element in family firms\u2019 direction has positive impacts on their performance, compared to those with only male elements. Also, the results show that region and sector of activity are factors influencing family firm performance. Finally, the study confirms that company size and age are variables helping to explain these companies\u2019 life-cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study contributes to the literature on family firms regarding the effect of gender on family firm performance. The use of dynamic panel data models will make a strong contribution to this, as the problem of endogeneity is dealt with correctly here through using these models, and the possible collinearity between independent variables and correct estimation of the relationship between the dependent variable in previous and current periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jfbm-10-2018-0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1554211615000},"page":"228-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Performance of family-owned firms: the impact of gender at the management level"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Elisabete Gomes Santana","family":"F\u0117lix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela Sofia Tani\u00e7a","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The causes of gender diversity in Malaysian large firms","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management & Governance"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2015.11.001","article-title":"Women on boards: the superheroes of tomorrow?","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2008.10.007","article-title":"Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6261.00567","article-title":"Founding-family ownership and firm performance: evidence from the S&P 500","volume":"58","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(94)01642-D","article-title":"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models","volume":"68","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref006","unstructured":"Association of Portuguese Family Firms (2007), \u201cResearch\u201d, available at: www.empresasfamiliares.pt\/quem-somos (accessed 24 March 2016)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/08944865030160030601","article-title":"Family businesses\u2019 contribution to the US economy: a closer look","volume":"16","year":"2003","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2015.10.003","article-title":"Contextualizing small family firms: how does the urban-rural context affect firm employment growth?","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref009","unstructured":"Barrett, M. and Moores, K. (2011), \u201cGender diversity and family firm governance: towards a research agenda\u201d, paper presented at the Family Business Australia (FBA): Family Business Research & Education Symposium, Perth."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2017.1315501","article-title":"Locality and internationalization of family firms","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship & Regional Development"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2015.1058923","article-title":"Regional importance of Mittelstand firms and innovation performance","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2013.06.004","article-title":"Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00082.x","article-title":"Small business success in rural communities: explaining the sex gap","volume":"66","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESB.2010.035822","article-title":"Finance in family firms: generation does matter","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2013.10.003","article-title":"Family firm density and regional innovation output: an exploratory analysis","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(98)00009-8","article-title":"Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models","volume":"87","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1108\/02683949110144846","article-title":"Antecedent influences on female-owned businesses","volume":"6","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9630-y","article-title":"Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance","volume":"83","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2017.09.001","article-title":"Women\u2019s involvement in family firms: progress and challenges for future research","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2005.00081.x","article-title":"Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family\u2013controlled firms","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6288.00034","article-title":"Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value","volume":"38","year":"2003","journal-title":"Financial Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/104225879602100205","article-title":"A study of the impacts of gender on business performance and management patterns in small businesses","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref023","first-page":"267","article-title":"Family involvement, family influence, and family-centered non-economic goals in small firms","volume":"36","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2018.02.001","article-title":"Reflections on family firm goals and the assessment of performance","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"issue":"36","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref025","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: an introduction","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2015.07.002","article-title":"Family firms and industrial districts: evidence from the Italian manufacturing industry","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.12.013","article-title":"Family business performance: the effects of gender and management","volume":"60","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730410565004","article-title":"Leader succession: does gender matter?","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2013.810296","article-title":"Growth determinants of small-and medium-sized fitness enterprises: empirical evidence from Portugal","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Sport Management Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1108\/13552550710780885","article-title":"Small business growth: recent evidence and new directions","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008106215480","article-title":"Testing the female underperformance hypothesis","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2006.00055.x","article-title":"Men, women, and managers: are stereotypes finally changing?","volume":"59","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref033","first-page":"63","article-title":"Women and the Labyrinth of leadership","volume":"85","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2003.09.004","article-title":"The female leadership advantage: an evaluation of the evidence","volume":"14","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"C","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref035","first-page":"193","article-title":"CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"A performance contrast of male- and female-owned small accounting practices","volume":"36","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250120203","article-title":"Output flexibility \u2013 a competitive advantage for small firms","volume":"12","year":"1991","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1997.9707180266","article-title":"Feminization unveiled: management qualities in contemporary writings","volume":"22","year":"1997","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/1911-3846.12098","article-title":"Gender differences in financial reporting decision making: evidence from accounting conservatism","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemporary Accounting Research"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref040","first-page":"51","article-title":"La mujer y su papel en la industria: aproximaci\u00f3n al caso del sector del juguete","volume":"372","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econom\u00eda Industrial"},{"issue":"18","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/09603100500387139","article-title":"Determinants of profitability in European manufacturing and services: evidence from a dynamic panel data","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied Financial Economics"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref042","volume-title":"Essentials of Econometrics","year":"2010","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(03)00053-3","article-title":"A unified systems perspective of family firm performance","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref044","volume-title":"Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/210004","article-title":"Rethinking age dependence in organizational mortality: logical formalizations","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2307\/2095567","article-title":"Structural inertia and organizational change","volume":"49","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/096031097333835","article-title":"Measuring cost inefficiency in the UK life insurance industry","volume":"7","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0894486516680930","article-title":"Family firm (s) outcomes model: structuring financial and nonfinancial outcomes across the family and firm","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2011.04.001","article-title":"Women\u2019s underrepresentation in upper management: new insights on a persistent problem","volume":"40","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organizational Dynamics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2012.12.005","article-title":"Gender and corporate finance: are male executives overconfident relative to female executives?","volume":"108","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0894486508328813","article-title":"Research on women in family firms current status and future directions","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2307\/256305","article-title":"Gender and organizational performance: determinants of small business survival and success","volume":"34","year":"1991","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ism.2013.08.001","article-title":"Gender and business performance","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Strategic Management Review"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-006-9314-z","article-title":"Getting to the bottom line: an exploration of gender and earnings quality","volume":"78","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-009-9229-z","article-title":"Capital structure decisions during a firm\u2019s life cycle","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBG.2017.081954","article-title":"Towards a new framework for SMEs success: a literature review","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Globalization"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-010-9226-z","article-title":"Gender differences in perceived business success and profit growth among family business managers","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loderer, C. and Waelchli, U. (2010), \u201cFirm age and performance\u201d, Working Paper No. 26450, University Library of Munich.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1342248"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref059","first-page":"511","article-title":"Barriers to women\u2019s small-business success in the United States","volume":"5","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/03098269708725444","article-title":"Women\/gender\/feminisms: doing feminist geography","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Geography in Higher Education"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref061","unstructured":"Mandl, I. (2008), \u201cOverview of family business relevant issues \u2013 final report\u201d, KMU Forschung Austria, Austrian Institute for SME Research, in co-operation with Turun Kauppakorkeakoulu Turku School of Economics, Vienna, on the behalf of the European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General (Contact No. 30-CE-0164021\/00-51)."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x","article-title":"All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1017\/jmo.2016.67","article-title":"Women in management: are family firms somehow special?","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Management & Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2004.00053.x","article-title":"Family control and the rent\u2010seeking society","volume":"28","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-011-9363-2","article-title":"The influence of age on SMEs\u2019 growth determinants: empirical evidence","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(03)00014-4","article-title":"The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref067","first-page":"42","article-title":"Performance, firm size, and management problem solving","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref068","article-title":"The most competitive business sectors among the 2012 top 500 US companies","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"Competition Forum"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref069","article-title":"Estimating the determinants of financial performance of very small service firms","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12140","article-title":"The role of female directors in promoting CSR practices: an international comparison between family and non\u2010family businesses","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Business Ethics: A European Review"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roodman, D. (2006), \u201cHow to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata\u201d, Working Paper No. 103, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, pp. 1-53.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.982943"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2007.00587.x","article-title":"Nationality and gender diversity on Swiss corporate boards","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corporate Governance: An International Review"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref073","volume-title":"The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2015.12.012","article-title":"The influence of age and size on family owned firms\u2019 financing decisions: empirical evidence using panel data","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are capital structure decisions of family-owned SMEs different? Empirical evidence from Portugal","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Centro de Estudos e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada em Gest\u00e3o e Economia\u2013Universidade de \u00c9vora"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-007-9092-8","article-title":"Performance and size: empirical evidence from Portuguese SMEs","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref077","first-page":"217","article-title":"The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research","volume":"25","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2004.00001.x","article-title":"An overview of family business studies: current status and direction for the future","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1997.00001.x","article-title":"Strategic management of the family business: past research and future challenges","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"C","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref080","first-page":"26","article-title":"Women on board: does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref081","first-page":"569","article-title":"Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,300 Danish firms","volume":"15","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1999.00197.x","article-title":"A research model of sustainable family businesses","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2015.11.002","article-title":"Family business and regional science: \u2018bridging the gap\u2019","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Family Business Strategy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2004.12.005","article-title":"How do family ownership management and control affect firm value?","volume":"80","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref085","unstructured":"Villax, P. (2016), \u201cEmpresas Familiares: O que \u00e9 uma empresa familiar\u201d, 2010, available at: www.empresasfamiliares.pt\/ (accessed 28 June 2016)."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref086","first-page":"323","article-title":"Career aspirations of adolescent girls: effects of achievement level, grade, and single-sex school environment","volume":"46","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref087","first-page":"91","article-title":"Comparing the performance of male- and female-owned businesses: relating outputs to inputs","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/jfin.1994.1011","article-title":"The dynamics of competitive insurance markets","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Intermediation"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref089","first-page":"33","article-title":"The fourth wave","volume":"99","year":"1998","journal-title":"Best\u2019s Review\/Life-Health Insurance Edition"},{"key":"key2020092315593556400_ref090","unstructured":"Xing, L. and Gonzalez, A. (2015), \u201cFemale leadership and firm performance: evidence from China\u201d, working paper from University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, pp. 1-54."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092315593556400_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2004.03.005","article-title":"A note on the market structure and performance in Korean manufacturing industries","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Modelling"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Business Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JFBM-10-2018-0051\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JFBM-10-2018-0051\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:35:57Z","timestamp":1753396557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jfbm\/article\/9\/2\/228-250\/212522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JFBM-10-2018-0051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jfbm-10-2018-0051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-6238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-6238","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}}}