{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:39:39Z","timestamp":1754156379233,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Legionnaires\u2019 disease is a major threat to public health. Solutions to deal with this problem are usually siloed and not entirely effective. This paper aims to model the information requirements of legionella-safe cooling towers in the era of Industry 4.0.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A year-long design science research was conducted in a cooling tower producer for heavy industries. The project started with a bibliometric analysis and literature review of legionella in cooling towers. Goal modeling techniques are then used to identify the requirements for digital transformation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The improvement of legionella prevention, detection and outbreak response in digitally enabled cooling tower should involve different stakeholders. Digital twins and blockchain are disruptive technologies that can transform the cooling tower industry.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For theory, this study revises the most recent advances in legionella protection. Legionella-safe systems must be prepared to anticipate, monitor and immediate alert in case of an outbreak. For practice, this paper presents a distributed and digital architecture for cooling tower safety. However, technology is only a part of outbreak management solutions, requiring trustworthy conditions and real-time communication among stakeholders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jfm-12-2020-0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T07:23:12Z","timestamp":1628666592000},"page":"485-500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digital transformation of legionella-safe cooling towers: an ecosystem design approach"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"\u00c2ngelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2022053109194398700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.074","article-title":"A probabilistic expert system for predicting the risk of legionella 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