{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:10:11Z","timestamp":1768824611285,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMPC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to identify and assess new risks in construction projects that use 3D printing.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A mixed approach of both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Literature review was conducted to extract 30 risks of 3D printing in construction. A survey was then developed to assess the probability and impact of these risks. In total, 37 respondents, who have experience and\/or knowledge of 3D printing, completed the survey. The risk priority was calculated using a fuzzy logic approach. The main benefit of the proposed model is being able to use numerical and linguistic data in the risk assessment model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results show that the main risks, in terms of priority, are lack of codes and regulations for 3D printing in construction, delay in government approvals, shortage in labour skilled in 3D printed construction, lack of knowledge and information of 3D printed design concepts and changes in 3D construction codes and regulations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper fills an identified gap in the literature related to 3D printing in construction and provides insights into the key risks affecting this disruptive technology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jfmpc-10-2023-0071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T05:52:36Z","timestamp":1722405156000},"page":"67-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk assessment for 3D printing in construction projects"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Romdhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sameh Monir","family":"El-Sayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Solair","family":"Manjikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref001","first-page":"117","article-title":"3D printing\/addictive manufacturing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Re-Skilling Human Resources for Construction 4.0: Implications for Industry, Academia and Government"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104751","article-title":"Robotic 3D printing of concrete building components for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia","volume":"148","year":"2023","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref003","article-title":"A critical review of 3D printing and digital manufacturing in construction engineering","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190500310338","article-title":"The importance and allocation of risks in Indonesian construction projects","volume":"24","author":"Andi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Construction Management and Economics"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref005","article-title":"Are autonomous mobile robots able to take over construction? A review","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref006","volume-title":"Project Risk Management","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2013.6693869","article-title":"3D printing: the new industrial revolution","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Engineering Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.05.002","article-title":"Freeform construction: mega-scale rapid manufacturing for construction","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.12.031","article-title":"Applications of additive manufacturing in the construction industry \u2013 a forward-looking review","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.028","article-title":"Construction automation: research areas, industry concerns and suggestions for advancement","volume":"94","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"01","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robot safety: overview of risk assessment and reduction","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Robotics and Automation"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2014-0132","article-title":"An assessment of implementation of entry-level 3D printers from the perspective of small businesses","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.06.013","article-title":"3D printing concrete on temporary surfaces: the design and fabrication of a concrete shell structure","volume":"94","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.011","article-title":"Additive manufacturing as an enabling technology for digital construction: a perspective on construction 4.0","volume":"103","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.09.015","article-title":"Classical and fuzzy FMEA risk analysis in a sterilization unit","volume":"101","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2018.03.039","article-title":"Industry 4.0 as an enabler of proximity for construction supply chains: a systematic literature review","volume":"99","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.01.006","article-title":"Perspectives on a BIM-integrated software platform for robotic construction through contour crafting","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.04.004","article-title":"Productivity of digital fabrication in construction: cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall","volume":"92","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15623599.2018.1536963","article-title":"Risk identification and assessment in sustainable construction projects in the UAE","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Construction Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015004","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000365","article-title":"Risk assessment and allocation in highway construction projects in the UAE","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Management in Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study on the status quo and problems of 3D printed buildings in China","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref022","unstructured":"Gardiner, J. (2011), \u201cExploring the emerging design territory of construction 3D printing project led architectural research\u201d, PhD Thesis, School of Architecture and Design. RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.005","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technology and its implementation in construction as an eco-innovative solution","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020229","article-title":"Recent developments and challenges of 3D-printed construction: a review of research fronts","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.357","article-title":"3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction?","volume":"151","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.01.020","article-title":"Green commercial building projects in Singapore: critical risk factors and mitigation measures","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2016.08.013","article-title":"A study for an appropriate risk management of new technology deployment in nuclear power plants","volume":"99","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Nuclear Energy"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2011.0621","article-title":"Development of an indirect stereolithography technology for scaffold fabrication with a wide range of biomaterial selectivity","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.08.012","article-title":"Automated construction by contour crafting\u2013related robotics and information technologies","volume":"13","year":"2004","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref030","first-page":"149","article-title":"The current state of 3D printing for use in construction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 conference on autonomous and robotic construction of infrastructure","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.026","article-title":"Additive construction: state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"72","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref032","volume-title":"An Economic Analysis on Automated Construction Safety","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2005.11.003","article-title":"Risks faced by Singapore firms when undertaking construction projects in India","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.018","article-title":"Particle-bed 3D printing in concrete construction \u2013 possibilities and challenges","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-10-2021-0247","article-title":"3D printing towards implementing industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Industrial Robot: The International Journal of Robotics Research and Application"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(75)80002-2","article-title":"An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller","volume":"7","year":"1975","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104516","article-title":"A plastic shrinkage cracking risk model for 3D printed concrete exposed to different environments","volume":"130","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref039","first-page":"52","article-title":"Awareness of 3D printing for sustainable construction in an emerging economy","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Construction Economics and Building"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plas.2021.100033","article-title":"Industry 4.0 in a project context: introducing 3D printing in construction projects","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Project Leadership and Society"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref042","article-title":"A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: current status and future research prospects","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref043","volume-title":"Risk Assessment: A Practical Guide to Assessing Operational Risks","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104693","article-title":"3D printing with cementitious materials: challenges and opportunities for the construction sector","volume":"146","year":"2023","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.09.562","article-title":"3D printing of buildings: construction of the sustainable houses of the future by BIM","volume":"134","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1476064","article-title":"Design of a 3D printed concrete bridge by testing","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual and Physical Prototyping"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101708","article-title":"A study into the effect of different nozzles shapes and fibre-reinforcement in 3D printed mortar","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref048","article-title":"Threat modeling in construction: an example of a 3D concrete printing system","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref049","volume-title":"Analyzing the Potentials of 3DPrinting in the Construction Industry: Considering Implementation Characteristics and Supplier Relationship Interfaces","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss, H. (2013), \u201cAm envelope: the potential of additive manufacturing for fa\u00e7ade constructions\u201d, TU Delft.","DOI":"10.59490\/abe.2013.1.477"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:12(944)","article-title":"Risk management in the Chinese construction industry","volume":"133","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Engineering and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/0144619032000124689","article-title":"Risk management framework for construction projects in developing countries","volume":"22","year":"2004","journal-title":"Construction Management and Economics"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.04.005","article-title":"A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry","volume":"68","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.5408575","article-title":"Outline of a new approach to the analysis of complex systems and decision processes","volume":"SMC-3","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"key2025020610313161900_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effects of interlocking on interlayer adhesion and strength of structures in 3D printing of concrete","volume":"83","year":"2017","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2007.05.012","article-title":"Assessing risk and uncertainty inherent in Chinese highway projects using AHP","volume":"26","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-016-1937-7","article-title":"Manufacturing and security challenges in 3D printing","volume":"68","year":"2016","journal-title":"JOM"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000019","article-title":"Comparative study on the perception of construction safety risks in China and Australia","volume":"135","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Engineering and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025020610313161900_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2007.03.00","article-title":"Understanding the key risks in construction projects in China","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"}],"container-title":["Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JFMPC-10-2023-0071\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JFMPC-10-2023-0071\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:42:54Z","timestamp":1753396974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jfmpc\/article\/30\/1\/67-87\/1240449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JFMPC-10-2023-0071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jfmpc-10-2023-0071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-4387","1759-8443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-4387","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-8443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]}}}