{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:37:30Z","timestamp":1768520250477,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSFE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The use of cold-formed steel members has increased significantly in the past few years; however, its design is only briefly addressed in the current design codes, such as the EN 1993-1-3. To evaluate the compressive behavior of single and built-up cold-formed steel members, at ambient and simulated fire conditions with restrained thermal elongation, experimental and numerical tests were undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Four cross-section shapes were tested, namely, one single (lipped channel), one open built-up (I) and two closed built-up (R and 2R), considering two end support conditions, pinned and fixed. Two test set-ups were specifically developed for these tests. Based on the experimental results finite element models were developed and calibrated to allow future parametric studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper showed that increasing the level of restraint to thermal elongation and the initially applied load led to lower critical temperatures. Increasing the level of restraint to thermal elongation, the failure is governed by the generated axial restraining forces, whereas for lower levels of restraint to thermal elongation, the failure is controlled by the temperature increasing.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper is a contribution to the knowledge on the behavior of cold-formed steel columns subjected to fire, especially on the ones with a built-up cross-section, where results on thermal restrained ones are still scarce. It presented a set of experimental and numerical results useful for the development of numerical and analytical analysis concerning the development of new simplified calculation methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jsfe-01-2017-0018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T09:25:24Z","timestamp":1508232324000},"page":"189-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cold-formed steel columns at both ambient and fire conditions"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Craveiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Correia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Laim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-7112(01)00017-0","article-title":"Structural performance of rotationally restrained steel columns in fire","volume":"36","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fire Safety Journal"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.07.020","article-title":"Cold-formed steel columns made with open cross-sections subjected to fire","volume":"85","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2016.07.001","article-title":"Experimental analysis of built-up closed cold-formed steel columns with restrained thermal elongation under fire conditions","volume":"107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2015.06.002","article-title":"Review of the high temperature mechanical and thermal properties of the steels used in cold-formed steel structures \u2013 the case of the S280GD + Z steel","volume":"98","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref005","first-page":"1728","volume-title":"Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)","author":"DOT\/FAA\/AR-MMPDS-01","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref006","volume-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Part 1.2 \u2013 General Rules. Structural Fire Design","author":"EN 1993-1.2","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref007","volume-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.3 \u2013 General Rules, Supplementary Rules for Cold-Formed Members and Sheeting","author":"EN 1993-1-3","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/13923730.2004.9636305","article-title":"Behaviour of aluminium alloy structures under fire","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Civil Engineering and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8231(03)00002-8","article-title":"Structural behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled short steel channel columns at elevated temperatures, part 1: experiments","volume":"41","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8231(03)00003-X","article-title":"Structural behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled short steel channel columns at elevated temperatures. part 2: design calculations and numerical analysis","volume":"41","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref011","first-page":"19","article-title":"Failure temperature of a system comprising a restrained column submitted to fire","volume":"34","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fire Safety Journal"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.07.066","article-title":"Design of built-up cold formed steel columns according to the direct strength method","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref013","unstructured":"Heva, D.Y.M.B. (2009), \u201cBehaviour and design of cold-formed steel compression members at elevated temperatures\u201d, PhD Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2010.08.004","article-title":"Mechanical properties of cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041507542474300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8231(99)00003-8","article-title":"Local and distortional buckling of thin-walled short columns","volume":"34","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"key2021041507542474300_ref016","unstructured":"Lee, J. 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