{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:54:42Z","timestamp":1775861682000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conventional plasterboard linings impose a hard limit on the fire resistance of light steel frame (LSF) walls because gypsum rapidly degrades at high temperature. This study analyses whether substituting those linings with 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) can enhance load bearing fire rating (LFR) and insulation fire rating (IFR) under both standard and severe hydrocarbon fire exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-eight finite-element models simulated LSF walls combining steel lipped channels and 3DPC facings. Parameters varied were 3DPC thickness (25\u2013100\u00a0mm), cavity-insulation type (rockwool or glass fibre) and infill ratio (20\u2013100%). Critical outputs were time to reach steel temperatures of 320\u00a0\u00b0C, 490\u00a0\u00b0C and 640\u00a0\u00b0C (load ratios 0.6, 0.4, 0.2) and time to 160\/200\u00a0\u00b0C on the unexposed face.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Replacing 25\u00a0mm panels (IFR\u00a0=\u00a018\u00a0min in hydrocarbon fire) with 100\u00a0mm 3DPC panels extended insulation fire resistance beyond the 240-min analysis window; under the standard curve, 50\u00a0mm panels already sustained the 0.2 load ratio for over four hours. Rockwool increased IFR by up to 55% and added more than 60\u00a0min to LFR. Regression models linking thickness, fill, fire severity and insulation type achieved R2 values to 0.992.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first systematic investigation of 3DPC-LSF walls under both rapid-rise hydrocarbon and standard fires. It supplies design-ready regression models and shows that 3DPC walls\u00a0=\u00a050\u00a0mm, especially with rockwool, deliver multi-hour structural and insulation fire resistance, up to 50% higher than plasterboard, making them a viable, fire-robust alternative for fire-safe LSF construction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jsfe-06-2025-0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1764740786000},"page":"98-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fire performance and design of LSF wall panels with 3D printed concrete and steel lipped channel sections"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7592-5098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sifan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Surrey School of Engineering, , ,","place":["Guildford, UK"]}]},{"given":"Irindu","family":"Upasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sri Jayewardenepura Department of Civil Engineering, , ,","place":["Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"]}]},{"given":"Keerthan","family":"Poologanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University Faculty of Engineering and Environment, , ,","place":["Newcastle, UK"]}]},{"given":"Sunday","family":"Popo-Ola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, , ,","place":["London, UK"]}]},{"given":"Thadshajini","family":"Suntharalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Roehampton Department of Civil Engineering, , ,","place":["London, UK"]}]},{"given":"Kajaharan","family":"Thirunavukkarasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University Faculty of Engineering and Environment, , ,","place":["Newcastle, UK"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref001","volume-title":"Finite Element Software Documentation","author":"Abaqus","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.01.003","article-title":"Numerical modelling of load bearing light gauge steel frame wall systems exposed to realistic design fires","volume":"78","author":"Ariyanayagam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2018.02.023","article-title":"Experimental study of non-load bearing light gauge steel framed walls in fire","volume":"145","author":"Ariyanayagam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2018.05.018","article-title":"Fire performance of load bearing LSF wall systems made of low strength steel studs","volume":"130","author":"Ariyanayagam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.076","article-title":"Influence of cavity insulation on the fire resistance of light gauge steel framed walls","volume":"203","author":"Ariyanayagam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2016.07.003","article-title":"Detrimental effects of plasterboard joints on the fire resistance of light gauge steel frame walls","volume":"107","author":"Ariyanayagam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111100","article-title":"Fire resistance of 3D printed ultra-high performance concrete panels","volume":"98","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"2026030122071046900_ref016","article-title":"Design of concrete structures - 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