{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:23:06Z","timestamp":1772785386526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MRR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to examine the impact of workplace bullying on employees\u2019 burnout by investigating the mediating effect of affective well-being (AWB).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data of 532 employees from diverse organizations in Portugal were collected. These data were collected using anonymously completed structured questionnaires available online.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results support the research hypotheses proposed, confirming that workplace bullying is related to both AWB and burnout. Moreover, affective workplace bullying partially mediates the relationship between workplace bullying and burnout, indicating that the victims have their AWB reduced, and, consequently, increase their burnout levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings suggest that organizations can foster employees\u2019 AWB and reduce the level of burnout by encouraging organizations to develop preventive policies and practices to safeguard against bullying at work.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To this date, only a few studies have examined mediating and moderating variables (Nielsen and Einersen, 2018) and none include AWB as a mediator of the relationship between workplace bullying and burnout. This study answers the call for further empirical research from those who have argued that more information is needed to understand the workplace bullying phenomenon and contributes to the growing debate on this topic and its effects on employees.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/mrr-07-2021-0514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T16:36:27Z","timestamp":1634315787000},"page":"824-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The effect of workplace bullying on burnout: the mediating role of affective well-being"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Neuza","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Suzete","family":"Semedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sharda","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref001","first-page":"65","article-title":"Workplace bullying, psychological distress, resilience, mindfulness, and emotional exhaustion","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref002","volume-title":"Social Situations","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00671.x","article-title":"The rules of social relationships","volume":"24","year":"1985","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhrm.v14i1.792","article-title":"The impact of workplace bullying on individual wellbeing: the moderating role of coping","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"South African Journal of Human Resources"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1108\/01437721111130198","article-title":"Do they stay or do they go? A longitudinal study of intentions to leave and exclusion from working life among the targets of workplace bullying","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Manpower"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqj041","article-title":"Bullying in Turkish white-collar workers","volume":"56","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1108\/JOEPP-01-2017-0008","article-title":"Psychosocial safety climate, workplace bullying, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref008","first-page":"280","article-title":"Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: a review","volume":"15","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-09-2016-0166","article-title":"Workplace bullying in the Australian health context: a systematic review","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Organization and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2017.1321826","article-title":"Work-role psychosocial flourishing: its mediation role on workplace bullying and employee turnover intention","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology in Africa"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-12-2012-0399","article-title":"Neutralizing workplace bullying: the buffering effects of contextual factors","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726700532005","article-title":"Measures of five aspects of affective well-being at work","volume":"53","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017011419707","article-title":"Workplace aggression: the effects of harassment on job burnout and turnover intentions","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Work, Employment and Society"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref015","first-page":"405","article-title":"The experience of emotional well-being","volume-title":"Handbook of Emotions","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00415","article-title":"Very happy people","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref017","first-page":"693","article-title":"Positive organizational scholarship","volume-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref018","first-page":"371","article-title":"Harassment and bullying at work: a review of the Scandinavian approach","volume":"5","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref019","first-page":"247","article-title":"Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370902815673","article-title":"Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire revised","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work and Stress"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref021","first-page":"3","article-title":"The concept of bullying and harassment at work: the European tradition","volume-title":"Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice","year":"2011","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.06.008","article-title":"Long-term consequences of workplace bullying on sickness absence","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x","article-title":"Happiness at work","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref024","first-page":"31","article-title":"The impact of workplace bullying in nursing","volume":"21","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australian Nursing Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.218","article-title":"The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref026a","first-page":"763","article-title":"Positive emotions and upward spirals in organizational settings","volume-title":"Positive organizational scholarship","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701750964","article-title":"Unpacking positive organizing: organizations as sites of individual and group flourishing","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12376","article-title":"Bullying among nurses and its relationship with burnout and organizational climate","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref028","first-page":"89","article-title":"Workplace bullying and burnout among healthcare employees: the moderating effect of control-related resources","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nursing and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref029","first-page":"204","article-title":"Impact of workplace bullying on employee wellbeing: a concern for organizations","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Academic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref025a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: a systematic review","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.05.010","article-title":"Frequency of bullying at work, physiological response, and mental health","volume":"70","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref032","first-page":"127","article-title":"The impact of workplace bullying on employee cynicism with mediating role of psychological contract","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025396","article-title":"Leadership and role stressors as departmental level predictors of workplace bullying","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Stress Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/job.689","article-title":"\u00abIncivility, social undermining, bullying\u2026 Oh my!\u00bb: a call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2017.02.005","article-title":"That wasn't our deal: a psychological contract perspective on employee responses to bullying","volume":"100","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref036","article-title":"Association between workplace bullying and burnout, professional quality of life, and turnover intention among clinical nurses","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref037","first-page":"739","article-title":"A time-lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout and occupational turnover intentions","volume":"23","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05420.x","article-title":"New graduate nurses\u2019 experiences of bullying and burnout in hospitals settings","volume":"66","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref039","first-page":"415","article-title":"Burnout and health","volume-title":"Handbook of Health Psychology","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.5.2.119","article-title":"Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces","volume":"5","year":"1990","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref041","first-page":"167","article-title":"Examining the impact of job burnout on the health and well-being of human service workers: a systematic review and synthesis","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership and Governance"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2007.00715.x","article-title":"Burned by bullying in the American workplace: prevalence, perception, degree and impact","volume":"44","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref043","volume-title":"Safeguarding the Organization against Violence and Bullying","year":"2004"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref044","volume-title":"Workplace Bullying: Its Management and Prevention. Australian Master OHS and Environment Guide 2003","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref045","volume-title":"Managerial Styles and Their Effects on Employees' Health and Well-Being in Organisations Undergoing Restructuring","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects","volume":"7","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.30958\/ajbe.3.2.1","article-title":"The impact of a lasting economic crisis on employee attitudes: a follow-up and extension","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Athens Journal of Business and Economics"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref048","volume-title":"An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica Com o SPSS Statistics","year":"2018","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref049","first-page":"68","volume-title":"A Multidimensional Theory of Burnout. Theories of Organizational Stress","year":"1998"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Different Perspectives on Job Burnout","year":"2004","DOI":"10.1037\/004284"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","article-title":"Job burnout","volume":"52","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00602.x","article-title":"The occurrences and correlates of bullying and harassment in the restaurant sector","volume":"49","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ERRJ.0000038648.08568.46","article-title":"Measuring the extent of impact from occupational violence and bullying on traumatised workers","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370701662151","article-title":"Warr\u2019s scale of job-related affective well-being: a longitudinal examination of its structure and relationships with work characteristics","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Work and Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320143000861","article-title":"Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work","volume":"11","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref056","first-page":"51","article-title":"Building an integrative model of extra role work behaviors: a comparison of counterproductive work behavior with organizational citizenship behavior","volume":"10","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2016.1154809","article-title":"Effect of perceived politics and perceived support on bullying and emotional exhaustion: the moderating role of type a personality","volume":"150","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2018.1521516","article-title":"Combined effects of workplace bullying and perceived organizational support on employee behaviors: does resource availability help?","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress and Coping"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx022","article-title":"Workplace bullying and presenteeism: the path through emotional exhaustion and psychological wellbeing","volume":"61","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Work Exposures and Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2012.734709","article-title":"Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: a meta-analytic review","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work and Stress"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.06.007","article-title":"What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: an overview of the literature and agenda for future research","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref062","first-page":"85","article-title":"Prevalence and occupational predictors of psychological distress in the offshore petroleum industry: a prospective study","volume":"86","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"12\/13","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref063","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Workplace bullying and subsequent health problems","volume":"134","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref064","first-page":"17","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3554","article-title":"Does exposure to bullying behaviors at the workplace contribute to later suicidal ideation? A threewave longitudinal study","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001026","article-title":"Workplace bullying as a predictor of disability retirement: a prospective registry study of Norwegian employees","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00767","article-title":"Workplace bullying and medically certified sickness absence: direction of associations and the moderating role of leader behavior","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers of Psychology"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref068","first-page":"1","article-title":"Construct validity in workplace bullying and harassment research","volume-title":"Concepts, Approaches and Methods, Handbook of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment","year":"2019","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref069","article-title":"Effort-Reward imbalance: a risk factor for exposure to workplace bullying","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers of Psychology"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.06.003","article-title":"Burnout in mental health professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and determinants","volume":"53","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01045","article-title":"An experimental study on the attribution of personality traits to bullies and targets in a workplace setting","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-05-2017-0109","article-title":"Impact of workplace bullying on employee outcomes: a study of Indian managerial employees","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1348\/2044-8325.002000","article-title":"Work-place bullying: a group processes framework","volume":"84","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-009-0197-7","article-title":"Perceptions of organizational virtuousness and happiness as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors","volume":"93","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840801904480","article-title":"Bullying, burnout, and mental health amongst Portuguese nurses","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Issues in Mental Health Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320802651403","article-title":"Interventions in workplace bullying: a multilevel approach","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scaman.2008.04.004","article-title":"The prevention of workplace bullying as a question of human resource management: measures adopted and underlying organizational factors","volume":"24","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Management"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref078","first-page":"227","article-title":"Organisational causes of workplace bullying","volume-title":"Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.08.004","article-title":"20 Years of workplace bullying research: a review of the antecedents and consequences of bullying in the workplace","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492612451653","article-title":"Embracing new directions in workplace bullying research a paradigmatic approach","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management Inquiry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1108\/13620430910966406","article-title":"Burnout: 35 years of research and practice","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Career Development International"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0930-0","article-title":"Psychosocial working conditions and psychological well-being among employees in 34 European countries","volume":"87","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref083","first-page":"161","article-title":"Why should we care? Bullying in the American and South African workplace","volume":"32","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847401300204","article-title":"Social identity and intergroup behaviour","volume":"13","year":"1974","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-294X2009000300005","article-title":"Constru\u00e7\u00e3o e valida\u00e7\u00e3o fatorial da Escala de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do Burnout (ECB)","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estudos de Psicologia (Natal)"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/job.688","article-title":"A case for recognizing distinctions among constructs that capture interpersonal mistreatment in work organizations","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12203","article-title":"Affective responses to abuse in the workplace: the role of hope and affective commitment","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref088","first-page":"7","article-title":"The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour","volume-title":"Psychology of Intergroup Relations","year":"1986"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref089","volume-title":"The Conflict-Positive Organization: Stimulate Diversity and Create Unity","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref090","first-page":"87","article-title":"Moving bullies and victims up on conflict-researchers' waiting lists","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref091","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Rain, rain go away! A diary study on morning weather and affective well\u2010being at work","volume":"70","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135225","article-title":"Workplace bullying and mental health: a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760500510569","article-title":"Nice to know you: positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of new relationships","volume":"1","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4480-3","article-title":"Workplace bullying and violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a multicohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"61","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"14","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref095","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Workplace bullying and workplace violence as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a multi-cohort study","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref096","first-page":"1","article-title":"Workplace bullying as sensemaking: an analysis of target and actor perspectives on initial hostile interactions","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Culture and Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20202","article-title":"A meta-analysis of studies of nurses\u2019 job satisfaction","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Research in Nursing and Health"},{"key":"key2022050910404317600_ref098","article-title":"Mobbing at work: escalated conflicts in organizations","volume-title":"Counterproductive Behavior. Investigations of Actors and Targets","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050910404317600_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320143000834","article-title":"Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: a replication and extension","volume":"10","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"}],"container-title":["Management Research Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MRR-07-2021-0514\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MRR-07-2021-0514\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:46:16Z","timestamp":1753393576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/mrr\/article\/45\/6\/824-840\/307198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/MRR-07-2021-0514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/mrr-07-2021-0514","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-8269","2040-8269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-8269","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-8269","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]}}}