{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:41:25Z","timestamp":1774543285387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PIJPSM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the recursive perspective that emphasizes bureaucracy as a source of officers\u2019 stress, explain officers\u2019 stress as a loosely coupled effect, examine the positive effects of loose coupling and legitimize the necessity of improving context management as a stress-reduction factor.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The research methodology uses a quantitative perspective; the members of two police forces constituted the universe; the sampling technique was not random and accidental; and an exploratory factor analysis and an invariance measure were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The stress phenomenon is common and similar in both police forces, which means that it is indifferent to their organizational differences and has common causes. Loose coupling is present in both police work settings and entails significant stress; and the search for an explanation of the stress caused by loosely coupled elements should focus on both the value chain and the processes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Addressing this phenomenon should entail a twofold improvement strategy: the correction of loosely coupled organizational factors by revising the management processes that cause stress and the prevention of loosely coupled effects by using professional training to enhance adaptive behavior within specific contexts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Police organizations are addressed as loosely coupled (anarchic organized) systems instead of tightly coupled (bureaucratic) systems. The loosely coupled factors that emerge inside bureaucratic organizations cause significant stress among officers and complementary research is necessary to analyze the fallacious nature of the recursive attribution of police stress to bureaucratic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/pijpsm-08-2016-0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1678271814000},"page":"657-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The loosely coupled factors of organizational stress in police forces"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ivo Pontes","family":"Domingues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Cunha","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J158v02n02_01","article-title":"Understanding police stress research","volume":"2","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref002","first-page":"25","article-title":"Occupational stress among police officers: the case of Botswana Police Service","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Journal of Business Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.423","article-title":"Emotional dissonance, burnout, and in-role performance among nurses and police officers","volume":"13","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Stress Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02806522","article-title":"Stress and police officer performance: an examination of effective coping behaviour","volume":"3","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1348\/096317904774202153","article-title":"Working in a violent environment: the accuracy of police officers\u2019 reports about shooting incidents","volume":"77","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2001.tb00959.x","article-title":"Organization structure from a loose coupling perspective: a multidimensional approach","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379708256829","article-title":"Self-perceived occupational stress and distress in a Scottish police force","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations"},{"key":"key2023030815322699700_ref008","volume-title":"The Functions of the Police in Modern Society","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1086\/224261","article-title":"Command, control and charisma: reflections on police bureaucracy","volume":"72","year":"1966","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"key2023030815322699700_ref010","volume-title":"The Logic of Bureaucratic Conduct: An Economic Analysis of Competition, Exchange, and Efficiency in Private and Public Organizations","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02575.x","article-title":"Occupational stress among senior police officers","volume":"87","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023030815322699700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379008256993","article-title":"Sources of occupational stress in police","volume":"4","year":"1990","journal-title":"Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations"},{"key":"key2023030815322699700_ref013","unstructured":"Brown, R. 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