{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:19:41Z","timestamp":1772770781405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Temporary agency workers (TAWs) have a double employment relationship: one with the agency that hires them with a formal contract, either temporary or permanent; and another with the client organization where they actually perform their work. As the social-exchange theory assumes that TAWs respond to the support they receive from both organizations with affective commitment toward the respective organization. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the type of contract with the agency moderates these relationships, specifically that permanent TAWs present a stronger relationship between perceived organizational support (POS) and affective organizational commitment (AOC) toward the agency and, to the contrary, that temporary TAWs show a greater relationship between POS and AOC toward the client.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The hypotheses were tested with a sample of 522 Portuguese TAWs, of which 265 were temporaries and 257 were permanents. Data were collected with a self-report questionnaire and analyzed with multigroup analysis using the AMOS program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The authors verified that POS from both the employment agency and the client organization were related to the TAWs\u2019 affective commitment to each respective organization. Furthermore, the relationship between POS from the employment agency and the affective commitment to this organization was stronger in permanent than in temporary TAWs. However, contrary to the expectations, the contract with the agency did not moderate the relationship with client organizations: temporary and permanent TAWs showed a similar relationship between POS from this organization and their affective commitment toward it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 These findings show the important organizational role of both the employment agency and the client in supporting their TAWs and attending to the type of contract they have with the employment agency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 This paper contributes to the analysis of the TAWs\u2019 double employment relationship and highlights the role of the agency contract in the explanation of these relationships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/pr-03-2014-0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T08:51:06Z","timestamp":1423126266000},"page":"22-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Contract moderation effects on temporary agency workers\u2019 affective organizational commitment and perceptions of support"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Giunchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Chambel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ghislieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, D. , Shore, L. and Griffeth, R. (2003), \u201cThe role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process\u201d, Journal of Management , Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 99-118.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630302900107"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amuedo-Dorantes, C. (2000), \u201cWork transitions into and out of involuntary temporary employment in a segmented market: evidence from Spain\u201d, Industrial and Labor Relations Review , Vol. 53 No. 2, pp. 309-325.","DOI":"10.1177\/001979390005300207"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), \u201cStructural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach\u201d, Psychological Bulletin , Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 411-423.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b50","unstructured":"Arbuckle , J.L. (2003), AMOS 5.0 User\u2019s Guide , Small Waters, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, J. (1998), \u201cDual commitment: contract workers in Australian manufacturing enterprises\u201d, Journal of Management Studies , Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 355-375.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6486.00097"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b5","unstructured":"Blau, P.M. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life , Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buch, R. , Kuvaas, B. and Dysvik, A. (2010), \u201cDual support in contract workers\u2019 triangular employment relationships\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior , Vol. 77 No. 1, pp. 93-103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.02.009"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b7","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2010), Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming , Routledge, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambel, M.J. and Castanheira, F. (2007), \u201cThey don\u2019t want to be temporaries: similarities between temps and core workers\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior , Vol. 28 No. 8, pp. 943-959.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.471"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambel, M.J. and Sobral, F. (2011), \u201cTraining is an investment with return in temporary workers: a social exchange perspective\u201d, Career Development International , Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 161-177.","DOI":"10.1108\/13620431111115613"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b10","unstructured":"Chambel, M.J. , Castanheira, F. and Sobral, F. (2014), \u201cTemporary agency versus permanent workers: a multigroup analysis of human resource management, work engagement and organizational commitment\u201d, Economic and Industrial Democracy , doi:org\/0143831X14550695."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambel, M.J. , Sobral, F. , Espada, M. and Curral, L. (2015), \u201cTraining, exhaustion and commitment of temporary agency workers: a test of employability perceptions\u201d, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 15-30.","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2013.849246"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b11","unstructured":"CIETT, International Confederation of Private Employment Agencies (2013), The Agency Work Industry Around the World , CIETT, Brussels."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b12","unstructured":"Clauwaert, S. (2000), Survey of Legislation on Temporary Agency Work , ETUI, Brussels."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b13","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities (2002), Adapting to Change in Work and Society: A New Community Strategy on Health and Safety at Work 2002-2006 , Commission of the European Communities, Brussels."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connelly, C.E. and Gallagher, D.G. (2004), \u201cEmerging trends in contingent work research\u201d, Journal of Management , Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 959-983.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jm.2004.06.008"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connelly, C.E. , Gallagher, D.G. and Gilley, K.M. (2007), \u201cOrganizational and client commitment among contracted employees: a replication and extension with temporary workers\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior , Vol. 70 No. 2, pp. 326-335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2006.10.003"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connelly, C.E. , Gallagher, D.G. and Webster, J. (2011), \u201cPredicting temporary agency workers\u2019 behaviors: justice, volition, identification, and spillover\u201d, Career Development International , Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 178-194.","DOI":"10.1108\/13620431111115622"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.-M. and Morrow, P.C. (2006), \u201cOrganizational and client commitment among contracted employees\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior , Vol. 68 No. 3, pp. 416-431.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2005.10.002"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.M. , Morrow, P.C. and Kessler, I. (2006), \u201cServing two organizations: exploring the employment relationship of contracted employees\u201d, Human Resource Management , Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 561-583.","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20132"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cropanzano, R. and Mitchell, M. (2005), \u201cSocial exchange theory: an interdisciplinary review\u201d, Journal of Management , Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 874-900.","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206305279602"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Cuyper, N. and De Witte, H. (2008), \u201cJob insecurity and employability among temporary workers: a theoretical approach based on the psychological contract\u201d, in Naswall, K. , Hellgren, J. and Sverke, M. (Eds), The Individual in the Changing Working Life , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 88-107.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490064.005"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jong, J. and Schalk, R. (2010), \u201cExtrinsic motives as moderators in the relationship between fairness and work-related outcomes among temporary workers\u201d, Journal of Business and Psychology , Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 175-189.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-009-9139-8"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b22","unstructured":"DiNatale, M. (2001), \u201cCharacteristics of and preference for alternative work arrangements\u201d, Monthly Management Review , Vol. 124 No. 5, pp. 28-49."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druker, J. and Stanworth, C. (2004), \u201cMutual expectations: a study of the three-way relationship between employment agencies, their client organizations and white-collar agency \u2018temps\u2019\u201d, Industrial Relations Journal , Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 58-75.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2338.2004.00300.x"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberger, R. , Fasolo, E.M. and Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990), \u201cEffects of perceived organizational support on employee diligence, innovation, and commitment\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 51-59.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.1.51"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberger, R. , Cummings, J. , Armeli, S. and Lynch, P. (1997), \u201cPerceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 82 No. 5, pp. 812-820.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.82.5.812"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986), \u201cPerceived organizational support\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 71 No. 3, pp. 500-507.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.3.500"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espada, M. and Chambel, M.J. (2013), \u201cEmployability and temporary workers\u2019 affective commitment: the moderating role of voluntariness\u201d, The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Vol. 16 No. 1, available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/sjp.2013.108","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2013.108"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b54","unstructured":"European Union (2008), \u201cDirective 2008\/104\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on temporary agency employment\u201d, Official Journal of the European Union , L 327\/9-14."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, D.G. and McLean Parks, J. (2001), \u201cI pledge thee my troth \u0192 contingently: commitment and the contingent work relationship\u201d, Human Resource Management Review , Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 181-208.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4822(00)00048-6"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, E. and Chattopadhyay, P. (2005), \u201cOne foot in each camp: the dual identification of contract workers\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly , Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 68-99.","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2005.50.1.68"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), \u201cCutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling , Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-55.","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapalme, M.-E. , Simard, G. and Tremblay, M. (2011), \u201cThe influence of psychological contract breach on temporary workers\u2019 commitment and behaviors: a multiple agency perspective\u201d, Journal of Business and Psychology , Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 311-324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-010-9190-5"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C. , Lee, H. , Lee, J. and Park, J. (2014), \u201cA multiple group analysis of the training transfer model: exploring the differences between high and low performers in a Korean insurance company\u201d, The International Journal of Human Resource Management , Vol. 25 No. 20, pp. 2837-2857.","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2014.934887"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liden, R.C. , Wayne, S.J. , Kraimer, M.L. and Sparrowe, R.T. (2003), \u201cThe dual commitments of contingent workers: an examination of contingents\u2019 commitment to the agency and the organization\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior , Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 609-625.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.208"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, S. and Chambel, M.J. (2014), \u201cMotives for being temporary agency worker: validity of one measure according to the self-determination theory\u201d, Social Indicators Research , Vol. 116 No. 1, pp. 137-152.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0273-3"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLean Parks, J. , Kidder, D.L. and Gallagher, D.G. (1998), \u201cFitting square pegs into round holes: mapping the domain of contingent work arrangements onto the psychological contract\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior , Vol. 19 No.1, 697-730.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(1998)19:1+<697::AID-JOB974>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1991), \u201cA three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment\u201d, Human Resource Management Review , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 61-89.","DOI":"10.1016\/1053-4822(91)90011-Z"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, J.P. , Allen, N.J. and Smith, C.A. (1993), \u201cCommitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 78 No. 4, pp. 538-551.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.4.538"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, M.D.S. and Vekker, A. (2001), \u201cAn alternative look at temporary workers, their choices, and the growth in temporary employment\u201d, Journal of Labor Research , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 373-390.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-001-1040-9"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remery, C. , Van Doorne-Huiskes, J. , and Schippers, J.J. (2002), \u201cLabour market exibility in The Netherlands: looking for winners and losers\u201d, Work, Employment & Society , Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 477-496.","DOI":"10.1177\/095001702762217443"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhoades, L. and Eisenberger, R. (2002), \u201cPerceived organizational support: a review of the literature\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 87 No. 4, pp. 698-714.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.4.698"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Settoon, R.P. , Bennett, N. , and Liden, R.C. (1996), \u201cSocial exchange in organizations: perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 81 No. 3, pp. 219-227.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.3.219"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b42","unstructured":"Shore, L.M. and Shore, T.H. (1995), \u201cPerceived organizational support and organizational justice\u201d, in Cropanzano, R. and Kacmar, K.M. (Eds), Organizational Politics, Justice and Support: Managing Social Climate at Work , Quorum Press, pp. 149-164."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shore, L.M. and Wayne, S.J. (1993), \u201cCommitment and employee behavior: comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 78 No. 5, pp. 774-780.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.5.774"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tims, M. , Bakker, A.B. and Derks, D. (2012), \u201cDevelopment and validation of the job crafting scale\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior , Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 173-186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Breugel, G. , Van Olffen, W. , and Olie, R. (2005), \u201cTemporary liaisons: the commitment of \u2018temps\u2019 towards their agencies\u201d, Journal of Management Studies , Vol. 42 No. 3, pp. 539-566.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2005.00508.x"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veitch, R.W.D. and Cooper-Thomas, H.D. (2009), \u201cTit for tat? Predictors of temporary agency workers\u2019 commitments\u201d, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources , Vol. 47 No. 3, pp. 318-337.","DOI":"10.1177\/1038411109106861"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b48","unstructured":"Von Hippel, C. , Mangum, S.L. , Greenberger, D.B. , Skoglind, J.D. and Heneman, R.L. (1997), \u201cTemporary employment. can organisations and employees both win?\u201d, Academy of Management Executive , Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 93-104."},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wayne, S.J. , Shore, L.M. and Liden, R.C. (1997), \u201cPerceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: a social exchange perspective\u201d, Academy of Management Journal , Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 82-111.","DOI":"10.2307\/257021"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.-M. and Kessler, I. (2002), \u201cContingent and non-contingent working in local government: contrasting psychological contracts\u201d, Public Administration , Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 77-101.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9299.00295"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forde, C. and Slater, G. (2006), \u201cThe nature and experience of agency working in Britain \u2013 what are the challenges for human resource management?\u201d, Personnel Review , Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 141-157.","DOI":"10.1108\/00483480610645795"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_frd3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kompier, M. , Ybema, J.F. , Janssen, J. and Taris, T. (2009), \u201cEmployment contracts: cross-sectional and longitudinal relations with quality of working life, health and well-being\u201d, Journal of Occupational Health , Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 193-203.","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L8150"},{"key":"key2020122621143170500_frd4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dyne, L. and Ang, S. (1998), \u201cOrganizational citizenship behavior of contingent workers in Singapore\u201d, Academy of Management Journal , Vol. 41 No. 6, pp. 692-703.","DOI":"10.2307\/256965"}],"container-title":["Personnel Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/PR-03-2014-0061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/PR-03-2014-0061\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/PR-03-2014-0061\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:19Z","timestamp":1753394059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/pr\/article\/44\/1\/22-38\/315923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/PR-03-2014-0061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/pr-03-2014-0061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-3486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-3486","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]}}}