{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:22:28Z","timestamp":1775535748812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RIBS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to study the role of entrepreneurship in economic development based on the four dimensions of the quadruple helix model (Government, University, Enterprise and Society) in relation to the three stages of economy defined by the GEM (innovation-, efficiency- and factor-driven economies). In this context, the authors considered a set of variables that allowed them to measure and verify the stimulus that the four helixes represent in economic development.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was supported on secondary data from the GEM platform for 58 countries, for 2015. SPSS software was used to analyze data, which allowed the use of the ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests, as well as the generalized linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results show that in the factor-driven economies, there is a greater influence by the industry, while in the efficiency-driven economies, there is homogeneity among the four dimensions, highlighting only the variables \u201cR&amp;D transfer\u201d and \u201cEntrepreneurial Intention\u201d. Because of the constant need for innovation to become more competitive, in the innovation-driven economies, business and government are the most important dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both in the scientific community with future empirical studies that can confirm the relevance of this model to better understanding which dimensions of quadruple helix improve economic development, and in the governmental community, to serve for policies and strategies that stimulate entrepreneurship to foster the transition from one stage of economic development to another.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Proposal and test of a quadruple helix model, using the variables available in the GEM database, to the three stages of economic development of the economies that were involved in the GEM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ribs-01-2017-0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T07:28:57Z","timestamp":1494919737000},"page":"261-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A quadruple helix model of entrepreneurship, innovation and stages of economic development"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anderson","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gouveia Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla Susana","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmem Teresa","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-008-9133-y","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref002","volume-title":"Entrepreneurship, Geography and American Economic Growth","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1998-4","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3846\/16111699.2011.626438","article-title":"A growth model for the quadruple helix","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business Economics and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-010-0165-9","article-title":"Quantifying the relationship between entrepreneurship and competitiveness development stages in Latin America","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-004-0228-6","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and regional growth: an evolutionary interpretation","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.08.008","article-title":"Resolving the knowledge paradox: knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-011-9328-5","article-title":"Entrepreneurial activity and regional competitiveness: an introduction to the special issue","volume":"39","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref012","article-title":"Global entrepreneurship monitor, 2009 executive report","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref014","first-page":"201","article-title":"Mode 3 and \u2018Quadruple Helix\u2019: toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem","volume":"46","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/08985620701296318","article-title":"The relationship between economic development and business ownership revisited","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship and Regional Development"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref016","article-title":"Using the quadruple helix approach to accelerate the transfer of research and innovation results to regional growth","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.097","article-title":"Subjective perception of entrepreneurship: differences among countries","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"205","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref019","first-page":"59","article-title":"Emprendimiento y competitividad regional","volume":"67","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de Estudios Econ\u00f3micos"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.139","article-title":"Entrepreneurship during economic crisis: success factors and paths to failure","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref021","first-page":"79","article-title":"Scale development: theory and applications","volume":"31","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erken, H., Donselaar, P. and Thurik, A.R. (2009), \u201cTotal factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship\u201d, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 2009-034\/3.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1398767"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref023","first-page":"293","article-title":"Innovation in innovation: the triple helix of university\u2013industry\u2013government relations","volume":"42","year":"2003","journal-title":"Studies of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref024","first-page":"11","article-title":"The triple helix\u2013university\u2013industry\u2013government relations: a laboratory for knowledge based economic development","volume":"14","year":"1995","journal-title":"EASST Review"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref025","article-title":"Green paper entrepreneurship in Europe","author":"European Commission","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref026","article-title":"Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS 3)","author":"European Commission","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref027","first-page":"18","article-title":"Essay on the nature of entrepreneurship education","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rencontres de St-Gall 2006-Understanding the Regulatory Climate for Entrepreneurship and SMEs"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-015-0359-2","article-title":"What do we [not] know about technology entrepreneurship research?","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBG.2017.081030","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, innovation and competitiveness: what is the connection?","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Globalisation"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-010-0142-3","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, income distribution and economic growth","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Entrepreneurship Management Journal"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref031","article-title":"Innovation-oriented start-ups in Latin American economies","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-015-0376-1","article-title":"The impact of culture on national prevalence rate of social and commercial entrepreneurship","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref033","first-page":"45","article-title":"Building the rural economy with high-growth entrepreneurs","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Economic Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Camp, S. and Sexton, D. (2002), \u201cStrategic entrepreneurship: integrating entrepreneurial and strategic management perspectives\u201d, Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating a New Integrated Mindset, pp. 1-16, available at: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0795:FIN:en:PDF, available at: www.gemconsortium.org\/data (accessed 06 December 2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781405164085.ch1"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1108\/ET-01-2015-0004","article-title":"Impact of entrepreneurship programmes on university students","volume":"58","year":"2016","journal-title":"Education and Training"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3846\/16111699.2014.938359","article-title":"The impact of continuous training in small and medium enterprises: lessons from an industrial case analysis","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Economics and Management"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref037","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Empreendedorismo Regional e Economia do Conhecimento","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref038","unstructured":"Kelley, D., Singer, S. and Herrington, M. (2016), \u201cGlobal Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015\u201d, 2015\/2016 Global Report, available at: www.gemconsortium.org\/report"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref039","article-title":"Sustainable innovation as a corporate strategy","volume-title":"Intellectual Assets Management","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2004.08.006","article-title":"Competing at the frontier: the changing role of technology policy in Singapore\u2019s economic strategy","volume":"72","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2005.00099.x","article-title":"The emergence of entrepreneurship education: development, trends and challenges","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-015-9440-9","article-title":"Country level efficiency and national systems of entrepreneurship: a data envelopment analysis approach","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref043","article-title":"Leveraging entrepreneurial ambition and innovation: a global perspective on entrepreneurship, competitiveness and development","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref044","volume-title":"Innovation Policy in Canada: Strategy and Realities","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref045","first-page":"313","article-title":"Entrepreneurship education: the role of local business","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship & Regional Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00125","article-title":"Enterprise, inequality and economic development","volume":"67","year":"2000","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2015.09.002","article-title":"Situated regional university incubation: a multi-level stakeholder perspective","volume":"50\/51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-010-0012-9","article-title":"Gauging readiness for the quadruple helix: a study of 16 European organizations","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref047","article-title":"An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica com o SPSS Statistics","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-016-9738-5","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and strategies for economic development","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-015-9444-5","article-title":"Skills and regional entrepreneurship capital formation: a comparison between Germany and Portugal","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref051","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis de los \u00edtems","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-016-9708-y","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and immigration: evidence from GEM Luxembourg","volume":"46","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small Business Economics in Press"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref053","volume-title":"The Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36577-5_12","article-title":"The state of entrepreneurship in the Balkans: evidence from selected countries","volume-title":"Entrepreneurship in the Balkans","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.15446\/innovar.v24n1spe.47560","article-title":"The influence of competitiveness and regulations on entrepreneurial activity in emerging and advanced economies","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inovar"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2005.06.012","article-title":"Action-based entrepreneurship education","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1108\/RIBS-11-2015-0076","article-title":"Entrepreneurial and network knowledge in emerging economies","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Review of International Business and Strategy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/cjas.205","article-title":"Entrepreneurial orientation, human resources information management, and firm performance in SMEs","volume":"28","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Journal Administrative Science"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref077","article-title":"Las fases del crecimiento: un manifiesto no comunista","volume-title":"Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica","year":"1963"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12025","article-title":"The impact of na entrpreneurship education program on entrepreneurial competencies and intention","volume":"51","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref060","volume-title":"Theory of Economic Development","year":"1934"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref079","volume-title":"World Economic Forum\u2019s Global Competitiveness Report, 2014-2015","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref061","first-page":"63","article-title":"Estado actual de la investigaci\u00f3n en emprendimiento: desaf\u00edos y soluciones","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref062","first-page":"217","article-title":"The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research","volume":"25","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2011.11.002","article-title":"Exploring country-level institutional arrangements on the rate and type of entrepreneurial activity","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business Venturing"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref064","volume-title":"New Venture Creation","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref065","first-page":"15","article-title":"Where is the GEM project research leading us?","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista Europea de Direccion y Economia de la Empresa"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref066","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in technology transfer: an actor perspective in a quadruple helix environment","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1996-6","article-title":"The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12043","article-title":"Advances and challenges in entrepreneurship education","volume":"51","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref069","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, economic growth and what links them together","year":"1997"},{"key":"key2020120708075607000_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1994-8","article-title":"Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-2000-1","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: evidence from GEM data","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-008-9135-9","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Bus Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2013.08.016","article-title":"National systems of entrepreneurship: measurement issues and policy implications","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/10.1.267","article-title":"What\u2019s New about the New Economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies","volume":"10","year":"2001","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708075607000_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"}],"container-title":["Review of International Business and Strategy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/RIBS-01-2017-0003\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/RIBS-01-2017-0003\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:21:01Z","timestamp":1753395661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ribs\/article\/27\/2\/261-282\/362107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/RIBS-01-2017-0003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ribs-01-2017-0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-6014","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}}}