{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T16:47:58Z","timestamp":1773074878891,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent advances in 3D printing construction elements have focused on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete using polymeric binders; herein, this study aims to produce the same using pure water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A binder jet printer prototype was used to fabricate specimens that are used to assess geometric and mechanical properties. Two distinct water-based binder formulations, compatible with OPC chemistry and piezoelectric jetting device, were used: pure water and water-polyvinyl alcohol (98:2 w\/w) solution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the effect of binder flow rate on dimensional accuracy. Furthermore, the changes in the mechanical properties over time with hydration have been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate that the increase in mechanical strength of Portland cement concrete with pure water was consistent; however, it was delayed by the water: PVA (98:2 w\/w) solution. Post-curing by water vapor hardened the structure with the removal of layering native to 3DP and decreased infilling porosity by diffusion mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper has used pure water jetting for BJT of Portland cement-containing bodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/rpj-08-2020-0195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T09:44:46Z","timestamp":1629798286000},"page":"197-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["3D printing of Portland cement-containing bodies"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Asif","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento Department of Industrial Engineering, , Trento, and ERMAKSAN, Turkey","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"Vincenzo M.","family":"Sglavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento Department of Industrial Engineering, , Trento,","place":["Italy"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref001","article-title":"\u2022U.S. and world cement production 2018 | statista","author":"U.S. and world cement production 2018 | Statista","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.190","article-title":"Environmental design guidelines for digital fabrication","volume":"142","author":"Agust\u00ed-Juan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026030906415651700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00714C","article-title":"3D-Printing technologies for electrochemical applications","volume":"45","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref004","article-title":"Materials: engineering, science, processing and desing","author":"Ashby","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030906415651700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2011.11.003","article-title":"3-D printing: the new industrial revolution","volume":"55","author":"Berman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030906415651700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual and Physical Prototyping"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030906415651700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.05.002","article-title":"Freeform construction: mega-scale rapid manufacturing for construction","volume":"16","author":"Buswell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref008","volume-title":"Materials Science and Engineering","author":"Callister","year":"2007","edition":"7th ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030906415651700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541211231563","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: rapid prototyping comes of age","volume":"18","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030906415651700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-02-2017-0021","article-title":"The role of additive technologies in the prototyping issues of design","volume":"24","author":"Carfagni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030906415651700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(98)00020-1","article-title":"Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of alternative structural systems","volume":"34","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.01.006","article-title":"Perspectives on a BIM-Integrated software platform for robotic construction through contour crafting","volume":"89","author":"Davtalab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"2026030906415651700_ref013","unstructured":"Fan, X.\n          \u2008et al. 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