{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1778607328932,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SRJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Responsible management of water resources is critical owing to its effects on the environment and society. This study aims to address customer perceptions of a water utility during a severe environmental crisis that affected northern Italy and aims to deepen the understanding of the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR), perceived crisis response and corporate reputation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study draws on legitimacy theory and attribution theory, adopting a quantitative design. In detail, a moderated mediation model is used to investigate the direct effect of CSR on reputation, the mediating effect of perceived crisis response on the relationship between CSR and reputation and the moderating effect of blame attribution on the relationship between CSR and perceived crisis response. In addition, the evolution of the crisis event and its management is traced through the analysis of the water utilities\u2019 sustainability reports published since the beginning of the crisis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings show that CSR affects corporate reputation directly and via perceived crisis response. In addition, CSR improves perceived crisis response, especially when an organization is held responsible for a crisis. The analysis of the CSR report allows for understanding the evolution of CSR policies of water utilities, shifting attention from a merely informative role of sustainability disclosure to a more comprehensive approach to perfluoroalkyl substances risks in the struggle of contributing to sustainable development. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings suggest some managerial implications about the usefulness of adopting CSR for crisis management and, furthermore, the importance of communicating CSR policies to all stakeholders overall \u2013 the customers of public utilities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper focuses on the relationship between CSR, reputation and blame attribution. Literature on this topic is still scarce overall in the field of public utilities. Furthermore, this study is relevant because it faces one of the major European environmental crises that affected the water sector and provides helpful insights for all public utility sectors and, more generally, for environmental crisis management.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/srj-04-2024-0294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1738901741000},"page":"1009-1031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gaining legitimation during environmental crises: an inquiry into the relationship between corporate social responsibility, reputation, and blame attribution"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1898-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania","family":"Vigolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Mion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6125-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Moura e S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1108\/09513570810863950","article-title":"A commentary on: corporate social responsibility reporting and reputation risk management","volume":"21","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2659","article-title":"Corporate governance and sustainability in water utilities: the effects of decorporatisation in the city of Naples, Italy","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Business Strategy and the Environment"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref00200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125138","article-title":"A stakeholder-based decision support system to manage water resources","volume":"589","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref003","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/auar.12293","article-title":"Stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting: evidence of reputation risk management in large Australian companies","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australian Accounting Review"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2018.12.006","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility strategies in the utilities sector: a comparative study","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainable Production and Consumption"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1108\/JGR-03-2021-0030","article-title":"Unpacking strategic corporate social responsibility in the time of crisis: a critical review","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Global Responsibility"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0278-x","article-title":"Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125744","article-title":"Credibility of environmental issues in non-financial mandatory disclosure: measurement and determinants","volume":"288","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.556","article-title":"The impact of market actions on firm reputation","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref01100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-020-04642-x","article-title":"How corporate reputation disclosures affect stakeholders\u2019 behavioral intentions: mediating mechanisms of perceived organizational performance and corporate reputation","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11002-014-9325-y","article-title":"Appropriate use of single-item measures is here to stay","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marketing Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.44.2.175","article-title":"The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs","volume":"44","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1108\/EJMBE-12-2017-0068","article-title":"The impact of perceived CSR on corporate reputation and purchase intention","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Management and Business Economics"},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-11-2021-0436","article-title":"Crisis communication in service ecosystems: perspectives and future challenges","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2017.12.001","article-title":"Effect of perceived crisis response on consumers\u2019 behavioral intentions during a company scandal: an intercultural perspective","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2063(99)00018-5","article-title":"The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace","volume":"25","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2010.504792","article-title":"Organization-public relationships and crisis response strategies: impact on attribution of responsibility","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2017.08.001","article-title":"Communication after an integrity-based trust violation: how organizational account giving affects trust","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-6813(91)90005-G","article-title":"The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders","volume":"34","year":"1991","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100337","article-title":"In search of the enabling factors for public services resilience: a multidisciplinary and configurational approach","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation & Knowledge"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100322","article-title":"Does quid pro quo benefit state-owned enterprise\u2019s innovation in China?","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation & Knowledge"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref022","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities (2001), \u201cGreen paper promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities\u201d, available at: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/18607901-76e9-47ea-91f8-436a4f412450\/language-en (accessed 23 April 2024)."},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1300\/J057v12n03_13","article-title":"The protective powers of crisis response strategies: managing reputational assets during a crisis","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Promotion Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.crr.1550049","article-title":"Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: the development and application of situational crisis communication theory","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corporate Reputation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1108\/JCOM-03-2013-0015","article-title":"How publics react to crisis communication efforts: comparing crisis response reactions across sub-arenas","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1108\/AAAJ-05-2018-3488","article-title":"Sustainability reporting after the Costa Concordia disaster: a multi-theory study on legitimacy, impression management and image restoration","volume":"33","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal"},{"issue":"14","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9630","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03565","article-title":"The true cost of PFAS and the benefits of acting now","volume":"55","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2024.101754","article-title":"A multi-criteria model for measuring the sustainability orientation of Italian water utilities","volume":"89","year":"2024","journal-title":"Utilities Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.132","article-title":"How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2307\/255331","article-title":"The case for and against business assumption of social responsibilities","volume":"16","year":"1973","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-023-00618-z","article-title":"The strategic effect of corporate reputation on customer citizenship behavior: an empirical verification","volume":"18","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0021943603261748","article-title":"Consumer reaction to negative publicity: effects of corporate reputation, response, and responsibility for a crisis event","volume":"41","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Business Communication (1973)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6303.00031","article-title":"Firms\u2019 disclosure reactions to major social incidents: Australian evidence","volume":"24","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accounting Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2005.00499.x","article-title":"An examination of differences between organizational legitimacy and organizational reputation","volume":"42","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912523","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2021.1912523","article-title":"Determinants of perceived effectiveness in crisis management and company reputation during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogent Business & Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.24160888","article-title":"Theory building from cases: opportunities and challenges","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref037","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2023a), \u201cCross-cutting story 3: PFAS\u201d, available at: www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/zero-pollution\/cross-cutting-stories\/pfas"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref038","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2023b), \u201cEmerging chemical risks in Europe \u2013 \u2018PFAS\u201d, available at: www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/emerging-chemical-risks-in-Europe\/emerging-chemical-risks-in-Europe"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1607","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1607","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility in the water industry: a critical review","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800313","article-title":"Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics","volume":"18","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2020.1739075","article-title":"Accountability in local public utilities. Not only corporate governance","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Administration"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072403","article-title":"Current trends in research on social responsibility in state-owned enterprises: a review of the literature from 2000 to 2017","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BUSI.0000039399.90587.34","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility theories: mapping the territory","volume":"53","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1904","article-title":"Environmental disclosure and stakeholder engagement via social media: state of the art and potential in public utilities","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2019.1580761","article-title":"Does the perception of incongruence hurt more? Customers\u2019 responses to CSR crises affecting the main reputation dimension of a company","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124711","article-title":"Twenty years of water utility benchmarking: a bibliometric analysis of emerging interest in water research and collaboration","volume":"284","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2559","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.2559","article-title":"Stakeholder theory: revisiting the origins","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Public Affairs"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-07-2021-0301","article-title":"CSR crises from the consumers\u2019 perspective: a multidimensional typology and future research agenda","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Responsibility Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/basr.12250","article-title":"Corporate sustainability crisis: theoretical framework and stakeholder\u2010oriented typology","volume":"127","year":"2022","journal-title":"Business and Society Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1801-4","article-title":"Legitimizing negative aspects in GRI-oriented sustainability reporting: a qualitative analysis of corporate disclosure strategies","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2307\/3033584","article-title":"Who is responsible? Toward a social psychology of responsibility attribution","volume":"41","year":"1978","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref052","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref053","volume-title":"The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations","year":"1958"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1108\/18347641111169269","article-title":"Sustainability reporting and reputation risk management: an Australian case study","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting & Information Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2021.102017","article-title":"Practicing transparency in a crisis: examining the combined effects of crisis type, response, and message transparency on organizational perceptions","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref05600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1910-0","article-title":"How CSR leads to corporate brand equity: mediating mechanisms of corporate brand credibility and reputation","volume":"125","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-10-2022-0451","article-title":"Intrinsic drivers of the reputation for CSR: a cognitive analysis of consumer expectations","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Responsibility Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2007.02.008","article-title":"Challenges to science and society in the sustainable management and use of water: investigating the role of social learning","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2014.11.002","article-title":"Corporate crises in the age of corporate social responsibility","volume":"58","year":"2015","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261851","article-title":"The mediation of perceived risk\u2019s impact on destination image and travel intention: an empirical study of Chengdu, China during COVID-19","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012571120178","article-title":"Social responsibility and the utilities","volume":"34","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2309","article-title":"The buffering effect of continuous corporate social responsibilities engagement on negative consumer responses toward brand crises","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2067","article-title":"Felt betrayed or resisted? The impact of pre\u2010crisis corporate social responsibility reputation on post\u2010crisis consumer reactions and retaliatory behavioral intentions","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.01.029","article-title":"Addressing the conceptualization and measurement challenges of sustainability orientation: a systematic review and research agenda","volume":"142","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1108\/JCOM-09-2023-0095","article-title":"CSR in times of crisis: why CSR activities can be both a blessing and burden during an organizational crisis","volume":"28","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-022-00609-6","article-title":"Carrots or sticks? Inferring motives of corporate CSR engagement from empirical data","volume":"17","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2015.03.002","article-title":"Special issues dedicated to CSR and corporate sustainability: a review and commentary","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/10963480231182990","article-title":"Willingness to pay for corporate social responsibility (CSR): does strategic CSR management matter?","volume":"48","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref06800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2022.041","article-title":"Stakeholder engagement for sustainable water supply management: what does the future hold?","volume":"71","year":"2022","journal-title":"AQUA\u2013Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-020-00430-z","article-title":"Environmental responsibility, CEO power and financial performance in the energy sector","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"issue":"B","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113393","article-title":"Stakeholder legitimacy in firm greening and financial performance: what about greenwashing temptations?","volume":"155","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2022.101382","article-title":"Sustainability disclosure and reporting by municipally owned water utilities","volume":"77","year":"2022","journal-title":"Utilities Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12247","article-title":"The effectiveness of refutation with logic vs. indignation in restoring the credibility of and trust in a government organization: a heuristic\u2010systematic model of crisis communication processing","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2640","article-title":"The role of corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility in shaping corporate reputation: an analysis of competitive action and innovation strategies","volume":"31","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298905300204","article-title":"An empirical examination of the structural antecedents of attitude toward the ad in an advertising pretesting context","volume":"53","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2016.1166367","article-title":"Effects of attributed responsibility and response strategies on organizational reputation: a meta-analysis of situational crisis communication theory research","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-11-2011-0099","article-title":"How well are water companies engaged in CSR? A critical cross-geographical discourse analysis","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Responsibility Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1108\/CG-07-2020-0309","article-title":"Facing a global crisis - how sustainable business models helped firms overcome COVID","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref077","volume-title":"Business Ethics in Action: Managing Human Excellence in Organizations","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2008.09.009","article-title":"When does negative brand publicity hurt? The moderating influence of analytic versus holistic thinking","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12311","article-title":"The social regulation of corporate social irresponsibility: reviewing the contribution of corporate reputation","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-006-0015-4","article-title":"Stakeholder multiplicity: toward an understanding of the interactions between stakeholders","volume":"66","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref08100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100755","article-title":"Effective stakeholder engagement in environmental problem-solving through group model building: an Oklahoma case study","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Challenges"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1915","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility strategy and corporate environmental and social performance: the moderating role of board gender diversity","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref08200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/10495142.2020.1798856","article-title":"Investigating the methods and effectiveness of crisis communication","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.05.034","article-title":"Managing through a crisis: managerial implications for business-to-business firms","volume":"88","year":"2020","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/CCIJ-01-2014-0003","article-title":"Corporate reputation and CSR reporting to stakeholders: gaps in the literature and future lines of research","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Corporate Communications: An International Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2307\/41172602","article-title":"Private management and public policy","volume":"23","year":"1981","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129741","article-title":"The use of corporate social responsibility in the recovery phase of crisis management: a case study in the Brazilian company Petrobras","volume":"329","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.3213","article-title":"The crisis\u2010response match: an empirical investigation","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3167\/ares.2021.120109","article-title":"The social life of the \u2018forever chemical\u2019: PFAS pollution legacies and toxic events","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment and Society"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref088","article-title":"The PFAS contamination to aquifers of central Veneto region: assessing the risk and acting for solutions","volume-title":"International Online Conference PFAS - Dealing With Contaminants of Emerging Concern.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12207","article-title":"The impact of CSR on corporate reputation perceptions of the public\u2013a configurational multi\u2010time, multi\u2010source perspective","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Business Ethics: A European Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.101.4.632","article-title":"The triangle model of responsibility","volume":"101","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12516","article-title":"Management strategies in response to an institutional crisis: the case of earthquakes in The Netherlands","volume":"96","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Administration"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2023.108834","article-title":"Antecedents of public reactions to supply chain glitches","volume":"259","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1108\/eb059242","article-title":"Managing business crises: the CSR perspective","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Responsibility Journal"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91838-1.00008-7","article-title":"Challenges of water contamination in urban areas","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref095","volume-title":"Business Ethics: A Virtue Ethics and Common Good Approach","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12417","article-title":"Blame and culpability in explaining changes in perceptions of corporate social responsibility and credibility","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1995.9508080331","article-title":"Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches","volume":"20","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.12.016","article-title":"Impact of customers\u2019 perceptions regarding corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility in the grocery retailing industry: the role of corporate reputation","volume":"131","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.06.097","article-title":"The interaction between local governments and stakeholders in environmental management: the case of water pollution by SMEs in Thailand","volume":"247","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-01-2021-0029","article-title":"Strategic crisis response: managerial implications and direction for recovery and survival","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2400","article-title":"Does consumer social responsibility augment corporate social responsibility: a reciprocal analysis of external stakeholder from stakeholder theory perspective","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-021-00494-5","article-title":"Organizational change for environmental, social, and financial sustainability: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.crr.1540233","article-title":"Corporate reputation and crisis management: the threat and manageability of anti-corporatism","volume":"7","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corporate Reputation Review"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref104","unstructured":"United Nations (2015), \u201cTransforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development\u201d, available at: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/post2015\/transformingourworld\/publication (accessed 23 April 2024)."},{"issue":"13","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2021.1900243","article-title":"Does governance quality explain the sustainability reporting tendency of the public sector? Worldwide evidence","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Administration"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.02.063","article-title":"Corporate social irresponsibility and consumer punishment: a systematic review and research agenda","volume":"144","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2015.1062382","article-title":"The importance of source and credibility perception in times of crisis: crisis communication in a socially mediated era","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref108","first-page":"275","article-title":"Attribution theory","volume":"6","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human Motivation"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2022.100189","article-title":"Government subsidies\u2019 influence on corporate social responsibility of private firms in a competitive environment","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation & Knowledge"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref110","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017), \u201cKeeping our water clean: the case of water contamination in the Veneto region, Italy. World Health Organization. Regional office for Europe\u201d, available at: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/344113 (accessed 23 April 2024)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1108\/JPBM-01-2017-1396","article-title":"The influence of negative publicity on brand equity: attribution, image, attitude and purchase intention","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Product & Brand Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025031804480908800_ref11700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-04-2023-0245","article-title":"Is there any excuse for wrongdoing? The moderating role of perceived reasons for bank irresponsibility in blame appraisal and WOM recommendations","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Responsibility Journal"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.05.014","article-title":"Mediating effect of corporate social responsibility-based entrepreneurship on environmental improvement: evidence from 475 heavy-polluting enterprises","volume":"149","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref114","unstructured":"European Commission (2001), \u201cGreen paper: promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/DOC_01_9 (accessed 23 April 2024)."},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106936","article-title":"Global water shortage and potable water safety; today\u2019s concern and tomorrow\u2019s crisis","volume":"158","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"key2025031804480908800_ref116","unstructured":"United Nations (2019), \u201cUN global compact progress report 2019\u201d, available at: https:\/\/unglobalcompact.org\/library\/5716"}],"container-title":["Social Responsibility Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SRJ-04-2024-0294\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SRJ-04-2024-0294\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:41:56Z","timestamp":1753393316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/srj\/article\/21\/5\/1009-1031\/1242381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/SRJ-04-2024-0294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/srj-04-2024-0294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-1117","1758-857X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-1117","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-857X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}