{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T21:12:12Z","timestamp":1778361132118,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2016.2566339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T18:11:30Z","timestamp":1462903890000},"page":"2292-2303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3599,"title":["Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6004-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Christidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Devetsikiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telehash—Encrypted Mesh Protocol"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2016","journal-title":"Filament–Large-Scale Wireless Networks"},{"key":"ref71","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Delivery Versus Payment on a Blockchain"},{"key":"ref70","author":"rutkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockchain-Based Microgrid Gives Power to Con-sumers in New York"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2504730.2504747"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_2"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"237","article-title":"All about eve: Execute-verify replication for multi-core servers","author":"kapritsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc of USENIX Symp on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)"},{"key":"ref75","year":"2016","journal-title":"EIP 105 (Serenity) Binary Sharding Plus Contract Calling Semantics"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Non-determinism in Byzantine fault-tolerant replication","author":"cachin","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref78","author":"robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bitcoin is Not Anonymous"},{"key":"ref79","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coinalytics—Blockchain Intelligence"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tendermint vs PBFT—Tendermint"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockchain App Development Simplified—Tendermint"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2016","journal-title":"Juno Smart Contracts Running on a BFT Hardened Raft"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable consensus algorithm","author":"ongaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Conf USENIX Annu Tech Conf (USENIX ATC)"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2016","journal-title":"MultiChain—Open Source Private Blockchain Platform"},{"key":"ref36","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"MultiChain Private Blockchain—White Paper"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"The ripple protocol consensus algorithm","author":"schwartz","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ripple"},{"key":"ref60","author":"benet","year":"2015","journal-title":"IPFS–Cluster—Tool to Coordinate Between Nodes"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Filecoin—A Cryptocurrency Operated File Storage Network"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2016","journal-title":"HTTP\/1 1 Status Code Definitions"},{"key":"ref63","author":"granata","year":"2016","journal-title":"The First Micropayments Marketplace"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15260-3"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2016","journal-title":"EtherAPIs Decentralized Anonymous Trustless APIs"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref65","author":"yassami","year":"2016","journal-title":"True Micropayments With Bitcoin"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2016","journal-title":"Slock it—Blockchain + IoT"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hyperledger\/Fabric Blockchain Fabric Incubator Code"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethereum Frontier"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2016","journal-title":"Whisper Overview—Ethereum\/WiKi WiKi"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2016","journal-title":"TransActive Grid"},{"key":"ref2","author":"kar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Estonian Citizens Will Soon Have the World’s Most Hack-Proof Health-Care Records"},{"key":"ref1","author":"kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forty Big Banks Test Blockchain-Based Bond Trading System"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Block Hashing Algorithm—Litecoin WiKi"},{"key":"ref22","author":"buterin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stake"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2016","journal-title":"Myriad A Coin for Everyone"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718"},{"key":"ref23","author":"buterin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Slasher Ghost and Other Developments in Proof of Stake"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Consensus-as-a-service: A brief report on the emergence of permissioned, distributed ledger systems","author":"swanson","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solidity Documentation"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2016","journal-title":"White Paper—Ethereum\/WiKi"},{"key":"ref92","author":"thijssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"TeleHash An Encrypted p2p Network for Your Apps"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockstack—How Blockstack Works"},{"key":"ref90","author":"ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockstack Design and Implementation of a Global Naming System With Blockchains"},{"key":"ref59","author":"benet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Replication on IPFS—Or the Backing-Up Content Model"},{"key":"ref58","year":"2016","journal-title":"IPFS—Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System (DRAFT3)"},{"key":"ref57","author":"benet","year":"2016","journal-title":"IPFS—Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System (DRAFT3)"},{"key":"ref56","author":"angwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Own a Vizio Smart TV? It’s Watching You"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Device democracy: Saving the future of the Internet of Things","author":"brody","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref54","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Private Blockchains are More Than ‘Just’ Shared Databases"},{"key":"ref53","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Contracts The Good the Bad and the Lazy"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2016","journal-title":"Permissions Management—Multichain"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eris Industries Documentation—Blockchains"},{"key":"ref11","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ending the Bitcoin vs Blockchain Debate"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"112","article-title":"The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication","author":"vukoli?","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IFIP WG 11 4 Workshop Open Res Problems Netw Secur (iNetSec)"},{"key":"ref12","author":"antonopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mastering Bitcoin Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Understanding Public Key Cryptography"},{"key":"ref14","author":"greenspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avoiding the Pointless Blockchain Project"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24"},{"key":"ref82","author":"maxwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Confidential Transactions"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Announcing the Secure Hash Standard"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2016","journal-title":"ElementsProject\/Elements Feature Experiments to Advance the Art of Bitcoin"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hashcash-Bitcoin WiKi"},{"key":"ref84","author":"de filippi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Legal Framework for Crypto-Ledger Transactions"},{"key":"ref18","author":"aumasson","year":"2010","journal-title":"SHA-3 Proposal BLAKE"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts","author":"kosba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7914","author":"percival","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tarsnap—The Scrypt Key Derivation Function and Encryption Utility"},{"key":"ref80","year":"2016","journal-title":"BIP0032 Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2016","journal-title":"Introduction to Smart Contracts—Solidity 0 2 0 Documentation"},{"key":"ref4","author":"lacey","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Energy Blockchain How Bitcoin Could be a Catalyst for the Distributed Grid"},{"key":"ref3","author":"suberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Factom’s Latest Partnership Takes on US Health-care"},{"key":"ref6","author":"mizrahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"A Blockchain-Based Property Ownership Recording System"},{"key":"ref5","author":"oparah","year":"2016","journal-title":"3 Ways That the Blockchain Will Change the Real Estate Market"},{"key":"ref85","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eris Industries—Eris Legal"},{"key":"ref8","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref86","year":"2016","journal-title":"IPFS is a New Peer-to-Peer Hypermedia Protocol"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Distributed ledger technology: beyond block chain","author":"walport","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref49","author":"buterin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thoughts on UTXOs"},{"key":"ref87","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commonacord—Bringing the World to Agreement"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proof of Existence"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Double-Spending—Bitcoin WiKi"},{"key":"ref46","year":"2016","journal-title":"MySQL Reference Manual—Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)"},{"key":"ref45","author":"szabo","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Idea of Smart Contracts"},{"key":"ref48","author":"brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"A Simple Model for Smart Contracts"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eris Industries Documentation—Smart Contracts"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119019138","author":"franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Understanding Bitcoin Cryptography Engineering and Economics"},{"key":"ref41","author":"brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"How to Explain the Value of Replicated Shared Ledgers From First Principles"},{"key":"ref44","author":"szabo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Smart Contracts"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Controlled Supply—Bitcoin WiKi"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/iel7\/6287639\/7419931\/07467408.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/7419931\/07467408.pdf?arnumber=7467408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T09:15:29Z","timestamp":1718529329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7467408\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2016.2566339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}