{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:36:49Z","timestamp":1784817409975,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2016.2614720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T18:27:51Z","timestamp":1475260071000},"page":"7532-7555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Unimodal and Multimodal Biometric Sensing Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9147-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhtahir O.","family":"Oloyede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard P.","family":"Hancke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2014.6996301"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2258248"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"36","article-title":"Feature level fusion in multimodal biometric authentication system","volume":"69","author":"nadheen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2009707"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2007.907038"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2005.1396793"},{"key":"ref175","author":"iyengar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances in Distributed Sensor Integration Application And Theory"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4602.93139","article-title":"Multimodal biometric person authentication: A review","volume":"29","author":"prasanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"IETE Tech Rev"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIMP.2004.1434048","article-title":"Feature points adjusting based realistic 3D face synthesizing","author":"zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Intell Multimedia Video Speech Process"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.02.001"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2359577"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGCCEE.2014.6921394"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERSER.2007.4283894"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPS.2015.7244991"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2015.7443344"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00052-3"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU.2014.6830718"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCCCT.2014.44"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2015.7371261"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EIC.2015.7230719"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/POWERI.2014.7117760"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.588027"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.606093"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2015.7358767"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"Performance analysis of multimodal biometric fusion","author":"almayyan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2010.5655093"},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"2","article-title":"Biometrics of next generation: An overview","volume":"12","author":"jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Generat Biometrics"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2006.08.009"},{"key":"ref188","article-title":"Multimodal biometrics score level fusion using non-confidence information","author":"chaw poh","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref187","first-page":"422","article-title":"The study of feature-level fusion algorithm for multimodal recognition","author":"xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Conf Comput Technol Inf Manage (ICCM)"},{"key":"ref186","first-page":"41","article-title":"Face and speech based multi-modal biometric authentication","volume":"21","author":"soltane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2004.1405381"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCT.2015.7226026"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74549-5_123"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIAS.2014.7064624"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIEA.2013.6738974"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2431493"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2013.2269031"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2004.1333827"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2015.7378069"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Method and system for object detection in digital images","author":"jones","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICERA.2012.6306747"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2503863"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-4765(07)70140-6"},{"key":"ref154","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-biometric approaches to face and fingerprint biometrics","volume":"1","author":"shubhangi","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788647"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/829369"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15623\/ijret.2014.0327018","article-title":"A study of multimodal biometric system","volume":"3","author":"sheena","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJRE"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"3511","article-title":"A survey of biometric fusion and template security techniques","volume":"3","author":"prathipa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.464560"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2015.7166582"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2010.5678678"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"20","article-title":"Secure identity using multimodal biometrics","volume":"7","author":"mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Inf Technol Knowl"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"158","article-title":"A Review of Multibiometric System with Fusion Strategies and Weighting Factor","volume":"2","author":"jaafar","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering (IJCSE)"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"16","article-title":"International Journal of Information Systems and Computer Sciences","volume":"3","author":"islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Inf"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"181","article-title":"An improved approach to multibiometrics security","volume":"5","author":"kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Commun"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2016.7430692"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25948-0_99"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2015\/v8i35\/80504"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISME.2010.281"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISIS.2010.134"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2234740"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2010.5506004"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVIA.2015.7351904"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2006.341747"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ELMAR.2014.6923301"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2015.7377975"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRITO.2015.7359312"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.556","article-title":"Feature fusion of face and gait for human recognition at a distance in video","author":"zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2015.7399040"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LISAT.2014.6845213"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAP.2009.28"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/ijais12-450867"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/1842-2493"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2386915"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"7983","article-title":"Technical issues and challenges of biometric applications as access control tools of information security","volume":"8","author":"ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Innov Comput Inf Control"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"57","article-title":"A survey of unimodal biometric methods","author":"latifi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Secur Manage"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Multimodal biometrics: An overview","author":"ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc 12th Eur Signal Process Conf"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19187033.2004.11675154"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of biometrics security systems","author":"le","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.01.012"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2006.873653"},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"585","article-title":"Infrared and visible image fusion for face recognition","volume":"5404","author":"singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of Defense and Security"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Biometric authentication. Types of biometric identifiers","author":"babich","year":"0"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"US national science and technology council, subcommittee on nanoscale science engineering and technology: 2001","author":"roco","year":"0","journal-title":"Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"62","article-title":"Development of fingerprint biometric attendance system for non-academic staff in a tertiary institution","volume":"5","author":"adewole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO.2014.6859770"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2014.7064401"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCA.2015.7320626"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(03)00079-5"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ReTIS.2015.7232922"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.09.010"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2014.7022477"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALIP.2014.7009777"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBIM.2014.7015450"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Fully automatic face recognition from 3D videos","author":"hayat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2007.4357759"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DTV.2012.6365434"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"240","article-title":"3D face recognition by SURF operator based on depth image","author":"yunqi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 3rd IEEE Int Conf Comput Sci Inf Technol (ICCSIT)"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Effective speaker adaptations for speaker verification","volume":"2","author":"ahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process (ICASSP)"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"v4-415","article-title":"A new approach for pupil detection in iris recognition system","author":"el-zaart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Conf Comput Eng Technol (ICCET)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIHMSP.2007.4457734"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2009.5345495"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"668","article-title":"Considerations on the Emerging Implementation of Biometric Technology","volume":"653","author":"feldman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hastings Comm & Ent L J"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2190281"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"2231","article-title":"Hand geometry: A new method for biometric recognition","volume":"2","author":"saxena","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"498","article-title":"Notice of retraction two models multimodal biometric fusion based on fingerprint, palm-print and hand-geometry","author":"yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 1st Int Conf Bioinformat Biomed Eng (ICBBE)"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"17","article-title":"Hand geometry verification based on chain code and dynamic time warping","volume":"38","author":"sentosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPCC-05-2013-0012"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117593"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCPR.2010.5659251"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2014.6999861"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2466460"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543233"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2362012"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-010-0182-0"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ComComAp.2013.6533615"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCITSA.2015.25"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2014.112"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"122","article-title":"McEliece cryptosystem based identification and signature scheme using chained BCH codes","author":"hoan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Commun Manage Telecommun (ComManTel)"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSPA.2010.5605477"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCE.2012.6271249"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"486","article-title":"Decision fusion for hand biometric authentication","author":"yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Intell Comput Intell Syst (ICIS)"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBAST.2012.24"},{"key":"ref192","first-page":"35","article-title":"Decision Level Fusion of Iris and Signature Biometrics for Personal Identification using Ant Colony Optimization","volume":"3","author":"saleh","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITI.2007.4283767"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.302"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/4870-7297"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCE.2008.4580735"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2013.51"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FITME.2010.5654862"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EST.2012.33"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOS.2012.6417657"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSNA.2012.6324518"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2005.848169"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"197","article-title":"Pupil and iris localization for iris recognition in mobile phones","author":"cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc 7th ACIS Int Conf Softw Eng Artif Intell Netw Parallel\/Distrib Comput (SNPD)"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERVASIVE.2015.7087092"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.227"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2015.7225317"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19970606"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIS.2006.365785"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2041660"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGSE.2014.10"},{"key":"ref100","author":"miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Voice Biometrics 2010 A Transformative Year for Voice-Based Authentication"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459278"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.01.034"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44887-X_78"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.68"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11949619_84"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.11.008"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2004.1327257"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCO.2013.6481145"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2014.7030414"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2010.5687273"},{"key":"ref210","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-modal force\/vision sensor fusion in 6-DOF pose tracking","author":"alkkiomaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Adv Robot (ICAR)"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istr.2009.06.001"},{"key":"ref213","first-page":"307","article-title":"Security challenges for user-oriented RFID applications within the Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"hancke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Internet Technol"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NFC.2011.11"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2379437"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393639"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1067","article-title":"Biometric recognition using 3D ear shape","volume":"29","author":"yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIECON-ECE.2015.7443978"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ARCSE.2015.7338146"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2015.09.004"},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"437","article-title":"Ear recognition by means of a rotation invariant descriptor","author":"abate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACTEA.2009.5227958"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITACEE.2015.7437789"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2041652"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAL.2008.4636551","article-title":"Compound structure classifier system for ear recognition","author":"zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Autom Logistics (ICAL)"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2478386"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDEA.2013.420"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.164","article-title":"Multifeature-based high-resolution palmprint recognition","volume":"33","author":"dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.10.021"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IT4OD.2016.7479292"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCSSE.2014.7224531"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGCCEE.2014.6922283"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"572","article-title":"Bimodal eye imaging system","author":"h\u00e1jek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int Conf Signal-Image Technol Internet-Based Syst (SITIS)"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220810908813"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Iris recognition: An emerging biometric technology","author":"ganorkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 6th WSEAS Int Conf Signal Process Robot Autom"},{"key":"ref144","first-page":"169","article-title":"Multimodal biometrics for identity documents and smart cards: European challenge","author":"drygajlo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 15th Eur Signal Process Conf"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Honest it’s me! self service verification","author":"coventry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc ACM Conf Human Factors Comput Syst (CHI)"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSS.2011.6060004"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.122","article-title":"Improved gait recognition by gait dynamics normalization","volume":"28","author":"liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2015.7338934"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2014.252"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ChiCC.2015.7260243"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.827372"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IntelliSys.2015.7361270"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSST.1988.17078"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM.2005.1590053"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.38"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-vis:19990187"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LISAT.2015.7160196"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0623-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.12.017"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9337-z"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.057"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.11.022"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"180","article-title":"Hybrid methodology focused on the model of binary patterns and the theory of fuzzy logic for facial biometric verification and identification","author":"nava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Joint Conf Comput Intell (IJCCI)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2162585"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Efficient night gait recognition based on template matching","author":"tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI.2015.180"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2009.130"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SLT.2014.7078627"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AUTOID.2005.47"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2010.425"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"1333","article-title":"General methods and development actuality of gait recognition","author":"li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Wavelet Anal Pattern Recogn ICWAPR"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2013.6613014"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2006.314815"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.842251"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2015.7139056"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2014.6950040"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHB.2011.6094334"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IADCC.2015.7154875"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/7419931\/07580649.pdf?arnumber=7580649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:26:51Z","timestamp":1642004811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7580649\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":214,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2016.2614720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}