{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:02:36Z","timestamp":1780444956494,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Malaysia\u2019s Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERGS\/1\/2013\/ICT03\/UKM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERGS\/1\/2013\/ICT03\/UKM\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2016.2621178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T18:23:32Z","timestamp":1478197412000},"page":"8162-8183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Database-Assisted Television White Space Technology: Challenges, Trends and Future Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelechi Hilary","family":"Anabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosdiadee","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Fadzilah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"2014","journal-title":"White Space Devices (WSD) Wireless Access Systems Operating in the 470 MHz to 790 MHz TV Broadcast Band Harmonized EN Covering the Essential of Article 3 2 of the R&TTE Directive"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ietcom\/e89-b.12.3168"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The five competitive forces that shape strategy","author":"porter","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936215"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2008.31"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Decision Paper Issued by the Info-Communications Development Authority of Singapore Regulatory Framework for TV White Space Operations in the VHF\/UHF Bands"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2015","journal-title":"Worldwide Commercial Deployments Pilots and Trials"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0263"},{"key":"ref35","author":"martello","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knapsack Problems Algorithms and Computer Implementations"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.846971"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.70220\/zjkb4hxb","article-title":"A guide to the use of the ITS irregular terrain model in the area prediction mode","author":"hufford","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Method for Point-to-Area Predictions for Terrestrial Services in the Frequency Range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"UHF white space in Europe&#x2014;A quantitative study into the potential of the 470&#x2013;790 MHz band","author":"van de beek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11364-4"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seventh Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Federal Communications Commission October 20"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1234388.1234389"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2010","journal-title":"FCC SECOND MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER on Unlicensed Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of prototype TV-band white space devices, phase II: Technical research branch","author":"jones","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6655567"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2009.5235307"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2014.6785420"},{"key":"ref25","year":"0","journal-title":"Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 Part 73 699"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(01)00218-5"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1883612.1883617"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.010312.110732"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.061311.102044"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2010.5594301"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262033428.003.0002"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2014.6952450"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2009.5062011"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-008-0081-1"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0895330027166"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2001","journal-title":"Authorization and Use of Software Defined Radios First Report and Order"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936211"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.04.001"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2007","journal-title":"Implementing TV White Spaces"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2002","journal-title":"In the Matter of Additional Spectrum for Unlicensed Devices Below 900 MHz and in the 3 GHz Band Docket Number 02-380"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936254"},{"key":"ref49","author":"krishna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auction Theory"},{"key":"ref7","year":"0","journal-title":"CT FP7 Project"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Towards More Flexible Spectrum Regulation","author":"marcus","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"231","article-title":"The value of sensing for TV white spaces","author":"gon\u00e7alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7105644"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implementing geolocation Summary of consultation responses and next steps"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2012.37"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revision of Part 15 of the Commission&#x2019;s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems ET Docket No 98-153 Second R&O and Second Memorandum Opinion and Order"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"U.S. and Japanese approaches to SDR and cognitive radio: Legal and cultural factors expressed in certification and technical rules","author":"miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2004","journal-title":"Secondary Markets WT Docket No 00-230 2nd R&O Order on Reconsideration and 2nd Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 19 FCC Rcd 17503"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Second Report and Order and Memorandum Opinion and Order in the Matter of Unlicensed Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands Additional Spectrum for Unlicensed Devices Below 900 MHz and in the 3 GHz Band"},{"key":"ref127","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recommendation Propagation Data and Prediction Methods for the Planning of Short-Range Outdoor Radiocommunication Systems and Radio Local Area Networks in the Frequency Range 300 MHz to 100 GHz"},{"key":"ref126","year":"2004","journal-title":"Longley-Rice Methodology for Evaluating TV Coverage and Interference Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) Bulletin"},{"key":"ref125","year":"2004","journal-title":"Longley-Rice Methodology for Evaluating TV Coverage and Interference"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1980.23859"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11066-009-9032-7"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409944.1409947"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2390775"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIOPT.2014.6850326"},{"key":"ref128","author":"hufford","year":"2002","journal-title":"The ITS Irregular Terrain Model Version 1 2 2 the Algorithm"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.010"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08747-4_10"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2012.6201210"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2014.6817831"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.229"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2361093"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6898939"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6815896"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"34","article-title":"Progressing services in african mobile networks utilizing big data research","author":"kembo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Infrastruct Services Develop Countries"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7105645"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"Big spectrum data: The new resource for cognitive wireless networking","author":"ding","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref79","author":"bolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contract Theory"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1530748.1530751"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566999"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.010411.100838"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2001.959924"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"204","article-title":"A radio resource management framework for TVWS exploitation under an auction-based approach","author":"bourdena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Netw Service Manage"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6353690"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695538"},{"key":"ref67","author":"osborne","year":"1994","journal-title":"A Course in Game Theory"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695537"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2364316"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695536"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.5999762"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397619"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"12","article-title":"Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards&#x2014;Physical layer and cognitive functionality","volume":"3","author":"lekomtcev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elektrorevue"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.598"},{"key":"ref94","author":"keith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Japan&#x2019;s NICT gets40Mbps in TV White Space Trial in Crowded London Environment"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2043376","article-title":"Game theoretical resource allocation for inter-BS coexistence in IEEE 802.22","volume":"59","author":"ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2016","journal-title":"TVWS Trial Projects"},{"key":"ref106","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref92","year":"2007","journal-title":"Digital Dividend Review A Statement on Our Approach Towards Awarding the Digital Dividend"},{"key":"ref105","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2014","journal-title":"TV White Space Certification and Licensing Rules for PIB 39"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11364"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESTEL.2012.6400088"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2012.6478155"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEEGCC.2013.6705831"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.111"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2010.5633444"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.012314.122009"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel spectrum sharing algorithm for maximizing supported WiFi-like secondary users in TV white spaces","author":"jankuloska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 18th Eur Wireless Conf Eur Wireless (EW)"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRCW.2010.5670401"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2012.6215538"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Spectrum policy task force report","author":"kolodzy","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2015717"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"36","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrum Framework review statement"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2011.6134099"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Capacity considerations for secondary networks in TV white space","author":"hessar","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2009.5345318"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EW.2010.5483445"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-170"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.031914.130130"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.03.005"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jcm.1.6.45-50"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.110415"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.crowncom.2014.255243"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566872"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511619748"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.213"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.231"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6863135"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2013.6692404"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936209"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.171"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5935036"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.011513.111495"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrum Management and Telecommunications SRSP300 Volume 512 Issue 1 Technical Requirements for Remote Rural Broadband Systems (RRBS) Operating in the Bands of 512&#x2013;608 MHz and 614&#x2013;698 MHz for Rural Remote Broadband Systems (RRBS) (TV Channels 21 to 51)"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2008.915770"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"87","article-title":"Dynamic spectrum sharing among femtocells","author":"da costa","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2009.12.003"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2013.11.003"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.130322"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2012.6335377"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Radio Standard Specifications RSS-196 Issue 1 Point-to-Multipoint Broadband Equipment Operating in the Bands of 512&#x2013;608 MHz and 614&#x2013;698 MHz for Rural Remote Broadband Systems (RRBS) (TV Channels 21 to 51)"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/7419931\/07733156.pdf?arnumber=7733156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T23:55:31Z","timestamp":1749686131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7733156\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":134,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2016.2621178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}