{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:42:35Z","timestamp":1785526955526,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Malaya Research","award":["RP026-14AET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP026-14AET"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2702187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T21:35:53Z","timestamp":1494624953000},"page":"9044-9064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Email Classification Research Trends: Review and Open Issues"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam","family":"Mujtaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7907-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyana","family":"Shuib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram Gopal","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahdia","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04020-7_52"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.11.037"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/chinacom.2010.59"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIDM.2011.5949301"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2011.6129290"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19423-8_20"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.11.012"},{"key":"ref36","author":"sayed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Discovering Classification Rules for Email Spam Filtering With an ant Colony Optimization Algorithm"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2008.02.023"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1141","article-title":"GNUsmail: Open framework for on-line email classification","author":"carmona-cejudo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 19th Eur Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison study of email classifications for healthcare organizations","author":"yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Inf Manage Innov Manage Ind Eng (ICIII)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27552-4_129"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"949","article-title":"Spam email classification using decision tree ensemble","volume":"8","author":"shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"568","article-title":"An improved of spam e-mail classification mechanism using K-means clustering","volume":"60","author":"elssied","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"314","article-title":"Spam e-mail classification based on the IFWB algorithm","volume":"7802","author":"jou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Intell Inf Database Syst"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1844","article-title":"E-mail classification based learning algorithm using support vector machine","volume":"268","author":"song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.06.027"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1292","article-title":"The research on email classification based on q-Gaussian kernel SVM","volume":"48","author":"ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2011.89"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.05.024"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85072-4_14"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2012.84"},{"key":"ref50","author":"wanlei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Email Categorization Using Multi-Stage Classification Technique"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"310","article-title":"A classification method for spam e-mail by self-organizing map and automatically defined groups","volume":"1","author":"ichimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"625","article-title":"Business email classification using incremental subspace learning","author":"li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCKE.2013.6682847"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.9.6.1640-1647"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SPAN.2009.142"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03095-6_72"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2006.277810"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-34783-6_52"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6264-3_67"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2009.02.009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-009-9109-6"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Learning rules that classify e-mail","author":"cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Spring Symp Mach Learning Info Access"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1299015.1299021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.02.037"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2014.10.013"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2007.4370827"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.030713.00020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2015.05.012"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIC.2007.442"},{"key":"ref45","author":"balakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Book Ontology Based Classification and Categorization of Email"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jsw.2.3.43-55"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1593105.1593229"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2008.96"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ALPIT.2008.93"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2008.658"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NPC.2008.71"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Email classification: Solution with back propagation technique","author":"ayodele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Int Technol Secured Trans (ICITST)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10439-8_26"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.01.013"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAMA.2009.5228088"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11875604_80"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/425731"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGCNS.2008.7"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20070271"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"206","article-title":"Multi stage phishing email classification","volume":"83","author":"daeef","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15037-1_20"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.11.010"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21702"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2012.6227177"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"241","article-title":"E-mail classification using deep networks","volume":"37","author":"al sallab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2030376.2030383"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"165","article-title":"Automatic email classification using user preference ontology","author":"chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int'l Conf Knowledge Eng and Ontology Development (KEOD)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-983-1_30"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2010.55"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"377","article-title":"Learning to improve e-mail classification with num&#x00E1;ro interactive","author":"jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 29th SGAI Int Conf Innov Techn Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Challenges of the email domain for text classification","author":"brutlag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc ICML"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4602.67153","article-title":"Automatic e-mail classification using dynamic category hierarchy and semantic features","volume":"27","author":"park","year":"2010","journal-title":"IETE Techn Rev"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Email statistics report, 2015-2019","author":"team","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"217","article-title":"The Enron corpus: A new dataset for email classification research","volume":"3201","author":"klimt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2007.10.010"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MALWARE.2011.6112332"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21616-9_62"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"PhishingCorpus homepage","author":"nazario","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrieved"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141277.1141530"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000006"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14883-5_5"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"499","article-title":"A new multi-criteria quadraticprogramming linear classification model for VIP e-mail analysis","volume":"4488","author":"zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computational Science&#x2014;ICCS"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19437-5_19"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2009.02.002"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"1","article-title":"An email classification scheme based on decision-theoretic rough set theory and analysis of email security","author":"zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Region 10 Conf (TENCON)"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Language-model-based detection cascade for efficient classification of image-based SPAM e-mail","volume":"1","author":"hsia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Multimedia Expo"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"153","article-title":"Text and image based spam email classification using KNN, naive Bayes and reverse DBSCAN algorithm","author":"harisinghaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Reliabilty Optim Inf Technol (Icroit)"},{"key":"ref111","author":"michalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Machine Learning An Artificial Intelligence Approach"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"137","article-title":"Text categorization with support vector machines: Learning with many relevant features","author":"joachims","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2014.6901141"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2010.5581046"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"327","article-title":"Headerless, quoteless, but not hopeless? Using pairwise email classification to disentangle email threads","author":"jamison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 9th Int Conf Recent Adv Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMIRA.2013.59"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSIM.2008.4631707"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"696","article-title":"Multilingual e-mail classification using Bayesian filtering and language translation","author":"banday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Contemp Comput Informat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I4CT.2015.7219571"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"191","article-title":"A graph model based author attribution technique for single-class e-mail classification","author":"novino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 14th IEEE\/ACIS Int Conf Comput Inf Sci (ICIS)"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"174","article-title":"Towards designing an email classification system using multi-view based semi-supervised learning","author":"li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 13th IEEE Int Conf Trust Secur Privacy Comput Commun (TrustCom)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249515"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.513-517.2111"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345508.345593"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELCON.2014.6820574"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"37","article-title":"An empirical evaluation for feature selection methods in phishing email classification","volume":"28","author":"khonji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Syst Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref117","author":"zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Email Category Prediction"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"437","article-title":"Latent semantic indexing based SVM model for email spam classification","volume":"73","author":"renuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sci Ind Res"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24846\/v22i2y101307"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/414583"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2250-7_65"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116900"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883388"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSAT.2014.29"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"43","article-title":"Analysis and visualization of classifier performance: Comparison under imprecise class and cost distributions","author":"provost","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc KDD"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77226-2_31"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"445","article-title":"The case against accuracy estimation for comparing induction algorithms","author":"provost","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc ICML"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116895"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00958-7_40"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SKIMA.2015.7399985"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2011.09.023"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-011-0403-7"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"1345","article-title":"E-mail classification based on NMF","author":"janecek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc SIAM Int'l Conf Data Mining (SDM)"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/7859429\/07921698.pdf?arnumber=7921698","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T02:59:35Z","timestamp":1633921175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7921698\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":120,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2017.2702187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}