{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:28:53Z","timestamp":1777984133400,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2883151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T15:03:02Z","timestamp":1543417382000},"page":"77454-77473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qahhar Muhammad","family":"Qadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik A.","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawzad K.","family":"Al-Salihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5325-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birzo","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9105-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Kist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"2018","journal-title":"SEMTECH"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2016","journal-title":"LPWAN technology decisions 17 critical features"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2002.93621"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2016.04.001"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-006-7718-5"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2008","journal-title":"ZigBee specification"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389049"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1600002ST"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.08.008"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2775180"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bluetooth"},{"key":"ref27","year":"0"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.02.002"},{"key":"ref20","year":"0"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263374"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2017","journal-title":"LoRa Alliance technical committee"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bluetooth Core Specifications Version 4 0"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2016.07.003"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6830"},{"key":"ref26","author":"feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Introduction of Wi-Fi Standardization and Interoperability Certification Test ITU CAICT"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Popular Internet of things forecast of 50 Billion devices by 2020 is outdated","author":"nordrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum Tech Talk"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.162"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2716932"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2731314"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2751586"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2739181"},{"key":"ref57","author":"firmin","year":"2003","journal-title":"The evolved packet core"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700082"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Narrow band transceiver","author":"massam","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref54","author":"goldhamme","year":"2018","journal-title":"License exempt spectrum and advanced technologies"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Light monitoring system using a random phase multiple access system","author":"myers","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1500269CM"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2018","journal-title":"SigFox"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2437951"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2389854"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2721379"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2015.7377400"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2018","journal-title":"A Comprehensive Look at Low Power Wide Area Networks"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320"},{"key":"ref46","year":"0"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA); NB-IoT; technical report for BS and UE radio transmission and reception","author":"meredith","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2755858"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600613"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telensa"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Silver Spring"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Random Phase Multiple Access"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.26-10-2015.150597"},{"key":"ref73","author":"beecher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comparing IoT networks at a glance"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7252"},{"key":"ref71","author":"finnegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"A comparative survey of LPWA networking"},{"key":"ref70","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cisco Visual Networking Index Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2018","journal-title":"LTN Specifications"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2582540"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2013.6581828"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"6","article-title":"Implementation and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 LECIM DSSS PHY at 2.4 GHz","volume":"2","author":"wunsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc GNU Radio Conf"},{"key":"ref78","year":"2003","journal-title":"Performance and Quality of Service Requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (Imt-2000) Access Networks"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1178500"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2018","journal-title":"Huawei Releases World’s First 3GPP R14-Based Commercial NB-IoT Solution"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2609914"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"LoRa protocol: Evaluations, limitations and practical test","author":"lin","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2018","journal-title":"How RPMA Works An Educational Guide"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2007","journal-title":"Licensed versus unlicensed wireless"},{"key":"ref65","author":"masini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Licensed or unlicensed spectrum for cellular IoT? That is the question"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ingenuity"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forecast Internet of Things—Endpoints and Associated Services Worldwide"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cisco’s Technology News Site"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050708"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Forecasting the Internet of Things revenue opportunity","author":"berthelsen","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cellular networks for massive IoT - enabling low power wide area applications"},{"key":"ref109","author":"aura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nimble Out-of-Band Authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB)"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"323","article-title":"Mitigating inter-network interference in LoRa networks","author":"voigt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Wireless Netw Embedded Syst"},{"key":"ref108","author":"mattsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Using EAP-TLS with TLS 1 3"},{"key":"ref94","author":"bor","year":"2018","journal-title":"LoRaSim"},{"key":"ref107","author":"arkko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2988287.2989163"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030358"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2647247"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4764"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2010.5434764"},{"key":"ref104","author":"salowey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Subscriber Identity Modules (EAP-SIM)"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.021312.00034"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4187"},{"key":"ref102","author":"thubert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol"},{"key":"ref111","author":"spence","year":"2000","journal-title":"AAA Authorization Framework"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8376"},{"key":"ref110","year":"2017","journal-title":"MulteFire Alliances Release 1 0 1 Specification"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.05.020"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2016.11.005"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2613079"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2017.04.014"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1500464CM"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091466","article-title":"A study of LoRa: Long range & low power networks for the Internet of Things","volume":"16","author":"augustin","year":"2016","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"ref12","year":"2016","journal-title":"How RPMA Works—The Making of RPMA"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27072-2_7"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.03.004"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.12.005"},{"key":"ref118","year":"2015","journal-title":"LTE Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Multiplexing and Channel Coding"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.04.011"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2676678"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Low power long range transmitter","author":"seller","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weightless SIG"},{"key":"ref81","year":"0"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2018","journal-title":"LoRa Alliance"},{"key":"ref84","year":"2018","journal-title":"KNX"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2015.7227004"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2018","journal-title":"DASH7 Alliance"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2017","journal-title":"Real-world LoRaWAN network capacity for electrical metering applications"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112646"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2870984"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.957394"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2684806"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701322"},{"key":"ref120","author":"zafari","year":"2017","journal-title":"A survey of indoor localization systems and technologies"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.0853"},{"key":"ref121","year":"2018","journal-title":"LinkLabs"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.12.004"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0636-y"},{"key":"ref85","year":"0"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757048"},{"key":"ref87","year":"2018","journal-title":"M1"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2582153"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8274985\/08550663.pdf?arnumber=8550663","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:15:24Z","timestamp":1641986124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8550663\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":123,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2018.2883151","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.12818216","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.12818216.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}