{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:49:16Z","timestamp":1761896956216,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61602141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61602141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project of China","award":["2018C01111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C01111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2888697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T19:59:30Z","timestamp":1545249570000},"page":"7747-7758","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Challenges of Existence, Status, and Value for Improving Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minqian","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","first-page":"573","article-title":"Ouroboros Praos: An adaptivelysecure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake protocol","volume":"2017","author":"david","year":"2017","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint"},{"article-title":"Efficient algorithms for broadcast and consensus based on proofs of work","year":"2017","author":"eckey","key":"ref72"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 9th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implement"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"2390","article-title":"Research on scaling technology of bitcoin blockchain","volume":"54","author":"zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Research and Development"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_12","article-title":"Enhancing bitcoin transactions with covenants","author":"o\u2019connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography Data Security"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Teechan: Payment Channels Using Trusted Execution Environments","author":"lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryptography and Security"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2017.46"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Energy trading with dynamic pricing for electric vehicles in a smart city environment","author":"aujla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parallel Distrib Comput"},{"journal-title":"The bitcoin lightning network Scalable off-chain instant payments","year":"2016","author":"poon","key":"ref75"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2018.05.007"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32","article-title":"Secure high-rate transaction processing in bitcoin","author":"sompolinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Financial Cryptograph Data Secur"},{"journal-title":"Rapido A layer2 payment system for decentralized currencies","year":"2018","author":"lin","key":"ref79"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.041"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"38","article-title":"The research and implementation of an improved blockchain’s consensus mechanism","volume":"26","author":"zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elect Engineering"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Review for consensus mechanism of cryptocurrency system","author":"xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Syst Appl"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"421","article-title":"How to use bitcoin to design fair protocols","author":"bentov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc CRYPTO Conf"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC.2018.8469363"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Chinese blockchain based intelligent distributed electrical energy systems: Needs, concepts, approaches and vision","volume":"43","author":"zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zidonghua Xuebao\/Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"2003","article-title":"From industries 4.0 to energy 5.0: Concept and framework of intelligent energy systems","volume":"41","author":"deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACTA Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Multi-parties key agreement protocol in block chain","author":"tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Netinfo Security"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Cecoin: A decentralized PKI mitigating MitM attacks","author":"qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for composite statements","author":"agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Cryptol Conf"},{"journal-title":"Algorand The efficient and democratic ledger","year":"2016","author":"micali","key":"ref28"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.55"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Research and analysis of selfish mining for blockchain","author":"yonglin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Eng Appl"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134093"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"298","article-title":"Smart contracts make bitcoin mining pools vulnerable","volume":"10323","author":"velner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography Workshops"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Towards automatic smart-contract codes classification by means of word embedding model and transaction information","volume":"43","author":"huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACTA Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Research on scalability of blockchain technology: Problems and methods","volume":"55","author":"pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer Research and Development"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2213836.2213838"},{"journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System","year":"2008","author":"nakamoto","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"2170","article-title":"Survey on privacy preserving techniques for blockchain technology","volume":"54","author":"zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Res Develop"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140649.3140652"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.05.018"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/LEDGER.2017.48"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Security survey of Internet of Things driven by block chain technology","author":"zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Netinfo Security"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Biometric and password two-factor cross domain authentication scheme based on blockchain technology","volume":"38","author":"zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"55","article-title":"An efficient and secure decentralizing data sharing model","volume":"41","author":"dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Comput"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"64","article-title":"Conditions of full disclosure: The blockchain remuneration model","author":"matthew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp Sec Privacy Workshops"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"2787","article-title":"Mechanism of personal privacy protection based on blockchain","volume":"37","author":"zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"469","article-title":"An analysis of anonymity in bitcoin using P2p network traffic","volume":"8437","author":"koshy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2504730.2504747"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.061"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Cloud\/fog computing resource management and pricing for blockchain networks","author":"xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122849","article-title":"Open IoT ecosystem for enhanced interoperability in smart cities-example of métropole de Lyon","volume":"17","author":"robert","year":"2017","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"2500","article-title":"Data governance collaborative method based on blockchain","volume":"38","author":"jundian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Towards a non-2 pc transaction management in distributed database systems","author":"lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Manage Data (SIGMOD)"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Database perspectives on blockchains","volume":"abs 1803 6015","author":"cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Energy blockchain system based on integrated physical-cyber-value perspectives","author":"xiaojing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Power Syst Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.07.042"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Blockchain: The state of the art and future","author":"yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACTA Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Blockchain application development techniques","volume":"28","author":"cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Softw"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"969","article-title":"Blockchain: Architecture and research progress","volume":"41","author":"shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Comput"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"2716","article-title":"Experimental study on prototype system of central bank digital currency","volume":"29","author":"yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Softw"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872518.2889307"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"23823","article-title":"IOTA-next generation block chain","volume":"7","author":"divya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Comput Eng"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.231"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24","article-title":"The Sybil attack","author":"douceur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Peer-to-Peer Syst"},{"journal-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains","year":"2014","author":"back","key":"ref80"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2735508.2735509"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382292"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"journal-title":"The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol Analysis and Applications","year":"2015","author":"garay","key":"ref7"},{"journal-title":"IPFS—Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System (DRAFT3)","year":"2014","author":"benet","key":"ref49"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227","article-title":"Untangling blockchain: A data processing view of blockchain systems","volume":"30","author":"tuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"A trusted electronic voting method based on block chain technology","author":"fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Software Guide"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Model and platform of charity application based on block chain technology","author":"qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.060"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"14","article-title":"A decentralized domain name system for the network","volume":"8","author":"zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf Secur Technol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"187","article-title":"A privacy preserving fair contract signing protocol based on block chains","volume":"4","author":"tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cryptologic Research"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"675","article-title":"Research on ‘stations-pipelines’ layout and optimization of regional energy Internet","volume":"38","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc CSEE"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"131","article-title":"Rep on the block: A next generation reputation system based on the blockchain","author":"dennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet Technology and Secured Transactions"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"199","article-title":"Design and implementation of anti-counterfeiting system based on block chain technology","volume":"4","author":"an","year":"2017","journal-title":"Model Inf Technol"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8600701\/08581413.pdf?arnumber=8581413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:15:24Z","timestamp":1643242524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8581413\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2018.2888697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2169-3536"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}