{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:12:49Z","timestamp":1773267169929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201708030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201708030006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2907695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T21:46:28Z","timestamp":1553723188000},"page":"41426-41444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review of Applications, Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongfang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammadamin","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"2567","article-title":"A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain","author":"du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Syst Man Cybern (SMC)"},{"key":"ref38","author":"vasin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BlackCoin&#x2019;s proof-of-stake protocol v2"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"481","article-title":"Blockchain: The state of the art and future trends","volume":"42","author":"yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Autom Sinica"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain White Paper (2018)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2018.07.004"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Types of blockchain","author":"atlam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technical Aspects of Blockchain and IoT"},{"key":"ref37","author":"king","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ppcoin Peer-to-peer Crypto-currency with Proof-of-stake"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref35","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"101","article-title":"A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain","volume":"14","author":"nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2016.102"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.11.006"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781784717766.00019"},{"key":"ref20","author":"zambrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Explained How Does Immutability Work?"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2018.10298"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Investigation of the potential of blockchain technology to create traceability and transparency along a raw material value chain","author":"alexander","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31585\/jbba-1-2-(1)2018"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795984"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Use cases for blockchain technology in energy & commodity trading","author":"d\u00fctsch","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"19","article-title":"Blockchain-based trusted computing in social network","author":"fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 2nd IEEE Int Conf Comput Commun (ICCC)"},{"key":"ref25","author":"dorri","year":"2018","journal-title":"On the activity privacy of blockchain for IoT"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Hybrid cryptographic protocol for secure vehicle data sharing over a consortium blockchain","author":"brousmiche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Internet Things Green Comput Commun Cyber Phys Social Comput Smart Data Blockchain Comput Inf Technol Congr Cybern"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese Blockchain Technology Application and Development White Paper"},{"key":"ref59","author":"koeppen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Is Blockchain&#x2019;s Future in Oil and Gas Transformative or Transient? Deloitte"},{"key":"ref58","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockchain Overview of the Potential Applications for the Oil and Gas Market and the Related Taxation Implications"},{"key":"ref57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genaro Network Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref56","author":"maccallum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diving into Ethereum&#x2019;s World State"},{"key":"ref55","author":"dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart-contract value-transfer protocols on a distributed mobile application platform"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25645-0_25","article-title":"From pretty good to great: Enhancing PGP using bitcoin and the blockchain","author":"wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Netw Syst Secur (NSS)"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"60","article-title":"Design of identity authentication agreement in mobile terminal based on SM2 algorithm and blockchain","volume":"4","author":"wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Netw Inf Secur"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCTCT.2018.8551161"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147718808750"},{"key":"ref4","author":"fraser","year":"2018","journal-title":"The disruption in oil and gas upstream business by industry 4 0"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digital Transformation Initiative Oil and Gas Industry"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Adoption in Oil & Gas A Framework to Assess Your Company&#x2019;s Readiness"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oil and Gas Industry&#x2014;Blockchain the Disruptive Force of the 21st Century"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deloitte&#x2019;s 2018 Global Blockchain Survey"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2019","journal-title":"Merkle Tree"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2018.12.002"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.85"},{"key":"ref46","year":"2019","journal-title":"SHA-2"},{"key":"ref45","year":"2019","journal-title":"SHA-1"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2019","journal-title":"SM3 (Hash Function)"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2019","journal-title":"MD5"},{"key":"ref42","author":"nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pocket Network (Version 0 1 0)"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"282","article-title":"On security analysis of proof-of-elapsed-time (PoET)","author":"chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Stabilization Saf Secur Distrib Syst (SSS)"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Hash Function JH"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.019"},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX\/ACM Symp Netw Syst Design Implement"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"ref125","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stellar (Payment Network)"},{"key":"ref124","author":"khatwani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Casper Protocol All You Need To Know About Ethereum&#x2019;s Biggest Update Yet"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.3791019"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2018","journal-title":"What do You Know About the World&#x2019;s Top Ten Blockchain Landing Scenarios and Applications?"},{"key":"ref129","author":"manoppo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Mechanism"},{"key":"ref71","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Empowers the Oil and Gas Industry or Will Boost New Energy Alternatives to Traditional Energy Sources"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bitcoin meets collective signing","author":"kokoris-kogias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 37th IEEE Symp Secur Privacy"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3005745.3005771"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123407000373"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"ref77","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developing Privacy-Preserving Identity Systems and Safe Distributed Computation Enabling an Internet of Trusted Data"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2014.10.012"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/GLEP_a_00014"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007788.3007790"},{"key":"ref134","author":"duong","year":"2017","journal-title":"2-Hop Blockchain Combining Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake Securely"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978399"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2017.8"},{"key":"ref132","author":"curran","year":"2018","journal-title":"What is Proof of Elapsed Time Consensus? (PoET) Complete Beginner&#x2019;s Guide"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Protecting the connected barrels: Cybersecurity for upstream oil and gas","author":"mittal","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref136","author":"gueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sbft a scalable decentralized trust infrastructure for blockchains"},{"key":"ref135","first-page":"380","article-title":"The sleepy model of consensus","author":"pass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Theory Appl Cryptol Inf Secur"},{"key":"ref138","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proof-of-Authority"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Oil and Gas Transactions Review 2017"},{"key":"ref139","author":"ball","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proofs of useful work"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockchain applications in energy trading"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oil and Gas Industry Chain Depth Report"},{"key":"ref63","author":"buterin","year":"2014","journal-title":"A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"79","article-title":"Step by step towards creating a safe smart contract: Lessons and insights from a cryptocurrency lab","author":"delmolino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"ref65","year":"2015","journal-title":"A Simple Model for Smart Contracts"},{"key":"ref141","author":"steel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menlo One & Proof of Reputation&#x2014;The Next Generation of Blockchain"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Threat Report"},{"key":"ref142","year":"2019","journal-title":"InterPlanetary File System"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2017","journal-title":"Overview of Blockchain for Energy and Commodity Trading"},{"key":"ref143","author":"vorick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sia Simple Decentralized Storage"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementing blockchain technology in oil and gas industry: A review","author":"lakhanpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc SPE Annu Tech Conf Exhib"},{"key":"ref144","author":"wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Storj A Peer-to-Peer Cloud Storage Network"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Outlook"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oil and Gas Petchem Industries Trialing Blockchain Solutions"},{"key":"ref145","author":"irvine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Distributed File System"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2018","journal-title":"BP Statistical Review of World Energy"},{"key":"ref109","author":"vilner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bridging the Demand Gap for Blockchain Talent With Education"},{"key":"ref95","author":"cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Be Wary of the Legal Risks Contained in the Blockchain"},{"key":"ref108","author":"jagati","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrueChain A Hybrid Consensus Public Blockchain"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"837","article-title":"The bitcoin blockchain as financial market infrastructure: A consideration of operational risk","volume":"18","author":"walch","year":"2015","journal-title":"NYUJ Legis Pub Poly"},{"key":"ref107","author":"thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"From Bitcoin to Polkadot A Brief History of Consensus and Finality in Blockchains"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.185"},{"key":"ref106","author":"back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"257","article-title":"Off the chain: A guide to blockchain derivatives markets and the implications on systemic risk","volume":"22","author":"surujnath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fordham J Corporate Financial Law"},{"key":"ref105","author":"harison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence- and Blockchain-Based Decentralized Cloud Systems The IAGON Way"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref104","author":"scirlet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cloud Technology in the Era of IoT Blockchain Machine Learning and AI"},{"key":"ref90","year":"2017","journal-title":"Announce Blockchain-based Initiative to Optimize Oil & Gas Supply Chain Management"},{"key":"ref103","author":"ahmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Why 2018 Will Belong to Cloud AI Blockchain"},{"key":"ref102","author":"fry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Why the Future of Enterprise IT Will be a Mix of IoT AI Blockchain Big Data and More"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paxos (Computer Science)"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Symp Operating Syst Design Implementation"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"8","article-title":"Viewstamped replication: A new primary copy method to support highly-available distributed systems","author":"oki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc of the 7th Annual ACM Symp on Principles of Dist Computing"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183367"},{"key":"ref99","author":"banafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IoT and Blockchain Convergence Benefits and Challenges"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Distributed ledger technologies\/blockchain: Challenges, opportunities and the prospects for standards","author":"deshpande","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.039"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"83","article-title":"Blockchain for enterprise: Overview, opportunities and challenges","author":"hamida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 13th Int Conf Wireless Mobile Commun (ICWMC)"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Understanding blockchain technology","volume":"8","author":"sarmah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mfc.2018007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-017-9254-y"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014"},{"key":"ref118","author":"taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"What is Tendermint? |Everything You Need to Know"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockchain-an opportunity for energy producers and consumers?"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"The role of blockchain in commodity trading","author":"erik","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref117","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ripple (Payment Protocol)"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Developing Role of Blockchain"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"These oil traders are trying to overhaul the industry with a blockchain venture","author":"hoffman","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"8","article-title":"Characteristics of blockchain","author":"atlam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technical Aspects of Blockchain and IoT"},{"key":"ref84","author":"milano","year":"2018","journal-title":"China&#x2019;s Sinochem Completes Gasoline Export Over Blockchain System"},{"key":"ref119","author":"cachin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the Wild"},{"key":"ref19","author":"sultan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conceptualizing blockchains Characteristics & applications"},{"key":"ref83","author":"damien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Komgo-Blockchain is Getting Real in Commodity Trading"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proof-of-stake"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"258","article-title":"Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols","volume":"23","author":"jakobsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Information and Network Security"},{"key":"ref116","author":"huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Performance Analysis of the Raft Consensus Algorithm for Private Blockchains"},{"key":"ref80","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trust Data"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2019","journal-title":"DPoS"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2017","journal-title":"Powered by Blockchain"},{"key":"ref121","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proof of burn"},{"key":"ref122","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proofs of Space"},{"key":"ref123","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV)"},{"key":"ref85","year":"2018","journal-title":"ADNOC Has Implemented IBM Blockchain Technology to Streamline Daily Transactions"},{"key":"ref86","author":"zaher","year":"2018","journal-title":"ADNOC Team Up With IBM to Pilot a Blockchain Application for Its Full Value Chain"},{"key":"ref87","author":"platts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain for Commodities Trading Opportunities in a Digital Age"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Energy Insights Brief 2018"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8600701\/08675726.pdf?arnumber=8675726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T08:40:26Z","timestamp":1643272826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8675726\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":145,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2019.2907695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}