{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:35:28Z","timestamp":1772782528212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61702121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017YFC1200500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1200500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201704030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201704030002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bidding Project of GDUFS Laboratory of Language Engineering and Computing","award":["LEC2018ZBKT004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEC2018ZBKT004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2908495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T18:39:42Z","timestamp":1554143982000},"page":"42934-42945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Learning to Detect Deceptive Opinion Spam: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0291-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donghong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","first-page":"215","article-title":"Context-sensitive Twitter sentiment classification using neural network","author":"ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Research of deceptive opinion spam recognition based on deep learning","author":"jing","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1062"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Neural Inf Process"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.01.015"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2837654"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.06.040"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25750686"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2528129"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1020","article-title":"The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015","volume":"29","author":"pennebaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Austin"},{"key":"ref78","author":"zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Towards accurate deceptive opinion spam detection based on word order-preserving cnn"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"866","article-title":"Detecting deceptive review spam via attention-based neural networks","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 6th Conf Natural Lang Process Chin Comput"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1211"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"77","article-title":"Twitter sarcasm detection exploiting a context-based model","author":"wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Web Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718961"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"497","article-title":"Negative deceptive opinion spam","author":"ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"787","article-title":"Longman grammar of spoken and written English","volume":"34","author":"biber","year":"1999","journal-title":"TESOL Quart"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"295","article-title":"Grammatical word class variation within the British National Corpus Sampler","author":"rayson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput Lang"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1868-5","article-title":"Long short-term memory RNN for biomedical named entity recognition","volume":"18","author":"chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48740-3_2"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Similarity-based approach for positive and unlabelled learning","author":"xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Joint Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"38","article-title":"Using pu-learning to detect deceptive opinion spam","author":"fusilier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 4th Workshop Comput Approaches Subjectivity Sentiment Social Media Anal"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1055"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2014.11.001","article-title":"Detecting positive and negative deceptive opinions using PU-learning","volume":"51","author":"rosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf Process Manage"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783370"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3819-y"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"409","article-title":"What yelp fake review filter might be doing?","author":"mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int'l AAAI Conf Weblogs and Social Media"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1187"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2655032"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2014.47"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"313","article-title":"Deceptive reviews detection based on language structure and sentiment polarity","volume":"8","author":"ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"74","article-title":"RLOSD: Representation learning based opinion spam detection","author":"sedighi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Intell Signal Process"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Natural language processing (almost) from scratch","volume":"12","author":"collobert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00416ED1V01Y201204HLT016"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000011"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2337542.2337546"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1083"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2011.124"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"An approach for detecting spam in arabic opinion reviews","author":"el-halees","year":"0","journal-title":"Int Arab J Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1030"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"62","article-title":"Deceptive reviews detection based on semi-supervised learning algorithm","volume":"46","author":"ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sichuan Univ (Eng Sci Ed )"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"2488","article-title":"Learning to identify review spam","author":"li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Joint Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2015.01.009"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.03.047"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1609-9","article-title":"A neural joint model for entity and relation extraction from biomedical text","volume":"18","author":"fei","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"3038","article-title":"Improving Twitter sentiment classification using topic-enriched multi-prototype word embeddings","author":"ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1150"},{"key":"ref90","author":"denil","year":"2014","journal-title":"?Modelling visualising and summarising documents with a single convolutional neural network ?"},{"key":"ref59","author":"zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Self-adaptive hierarchical sentence model"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972795.23"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1401890.1401920"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2003.1250918"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"387","article-title":"Partially supervised classification of text documents","author":"liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc 19th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref54","author":"hastie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Generalized Additive Models"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Sparse additive generative models of text","author":"eisenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"175","article-title":"Exploiting burstiness in reviews for review spammer detection","author":"fei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int'l AAAI Conf Weblogs and Social Media"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-015-0029-9"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2349"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.12.029"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871669"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964858.1964860"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"171","article-title":"Syntactic stylometry for deception detection","author":"feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 32nd Ann Meeting Assoc for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"140","article-title":"Deceptive opinion spam detection using neural network","author":"ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 26th Int Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1147"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.03.007"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Identifying multiple userids of the same author","author":"qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1083"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2339530.2339662"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/3234781.3234794","article-title":"Detecting spamming reviews using long short-term memory recurrent neural network framework","author":"wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Conf E-Commerce E-Bus E-Government"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187863"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1034"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2007.68"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00656ED1V01Y201507HLT029"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"309","article-title":"Finding deceptive opinion spam by any stretch of the imagination","author":"ott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Annual Meeting of the Assoc Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341560"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2018.10765"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187864"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070710.2070716"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"639","article-title":"Deceptive reviews detection based on positive and unlabeled learning","volume":"52","author":"ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Comput Res Develop"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Opinion fraud detection via neural autoencoder decision forest","author":"dong","year":"0","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"338","article-title":"Detecting deceptive opinions with profile compatibility","author":"feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Joint Conf Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2014.01.015"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806551"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"393","article-title":"Learning document representation for deceptive opinion spam detection","author":"li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 14th China Nat Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871557"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"465","article-title":"Deceptive opinion spam detection using deep level linguistic features","author":"chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 4th CCF Conf Natural Lang Process Chin Comput"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1667583.1667679"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"669","article-title":"An exploration of off topic conversation","author":"cade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Annu Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"53","article-title":"Detecting deceptive reviews using lexical and syntactic features","author":"shojaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Design Appl"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-006-9066-4"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8600701\/08678638.pdf?arnumber=8678638","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:33:50Z","timestamp":1643243630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8678638\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2019.2908495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}