{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:00:43Z","timestamp":1774890043379,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-1438-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1438-070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2928142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T19:54:52Z","timestamp":1562874892000},"page":"98725-98742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Integrated Three Theories to Develop a Model of Factors Affecting Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Higher Education"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nasser","family":"Alalwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Waleed Mugahed","family":"Al-Rahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Alfarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Noraffandy","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ali Mugahed","family":"Al-Rahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001001"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Learning by design: Learning theory for the designer of multimedia educational materials","author":"carlile","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.9.2608"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17579881311302329"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5901\/mjss.2015.v6n3s1p246"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pattern of Facebook usage and its impact on academic performance of university students: A gender based comparison","volume":"34","author":"haq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref37","author":"vygotsky","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mind in Society The Development of Higher Psychological Processes"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17504971011034700"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439880902923606"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2891853"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.011"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"575","article-title":"Factors affecting end-user satisfaction on Facebook","author":"sibona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Social Media"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.023"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"ECAR study of undergraduate students and information technology","author":"dahlstrom","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"19","article-title":"Should faculty use social networks to engage with students?","volume":"20","author":"nemetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jurnal for Advancement of Marketing Education"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881292"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.170"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.024"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.05.009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.06.016"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"109","article-title":"Identity in online communities: Social networking sites and language learning","volume":"7","author":"harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol Soc"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2010.07.003"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5901\/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p536"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.019"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-008-9112-8"},{"key":"ref56","author":"harasim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Learning Networks A Field Guide to Teaching and Learning On-Line"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"679","author":"putnam","year":"1987","journal-title":"Handbook of Organizational Communication An Interdisciplinary Perspective"},{"key":"ref54","author":"mcquail","year":"2010","journal-title":"McQuail's mass communication theory"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2010.03.002"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"38","article-title":"Social networking in undergraduate education","volume":"7","author":"buzzetto-more","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interdisc J Inform Knowl and Manag"},{"key":"ref40","author":"jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"A Handbook of Media and Communication Research Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2802325"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.010"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5296\/jsr.v3i2.2136"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5901\/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p193"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.9.2608"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7763\/IJIET.2016.V6.683"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"56","article-title":"Social networking as an alternative environment for education","volume":"11","author":"stanciu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accounting Management and Inf"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/6080","article-title":"Social networking websites as an innovative framework for connectivism","volume":"3","author":"tinmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Technology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5901\/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p625"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCEELL.2011.039695"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"NMC horizon report: 2012 higher education edition","author":"johnson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2169"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.12.006"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467610380009"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12066"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01873.x"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249577"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.267"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2003.10.007"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0109"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7763\/IJIET.2014.V4.400"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066149.1066155"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0009"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.113"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gallup Student Poll Results"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021307"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2011.00753.x"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.11.139"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2008.67"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Collaborative versus cooperative learning: A comparison of the two concepts which will help US understand the underlying nature of interactive learning","author":"panitz","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.12.092"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"210","article-title":"The improvement of students&#x2019; academic performance by using social media through collaborative learning in malaysian higher education","volume":"10","author":"al-rahmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Social Science"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2010.04.002"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-009-9023-6"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148660"},{"key":"ref1","author":"shittu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigating Students&#x2019; Attitude and Intention to Use Social Software in Higher Institution of Learning in Malaysia"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470707"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"The use of social networking by students and staff in higher education","author":"oradini","year":"0"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8472.001.0001"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033425"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9131-x"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2010.10784651"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906668"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022487113489032"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(98)00068-2","article-title":"Representation of measurement error in marketing variables: Review of approaches and extension to three-facet designs","volume":"89","author":"bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Econ"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17404622.2011.579911"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.03014"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"A practical guide in participatory communication","author":"tufte","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-43-2-207-216"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0261-6"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/joeuc.2012070102"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Facebook usage in relation to personality and academic performance","author":"canales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Modern Psychological Studies"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01115.x"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"143","article-title":"Adoption of social networking in education: A study of the use of social networks by higher education students in Oman","volume":"10","author":"al-mukaini","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2016.09.002"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.02.008"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.06.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-011-9169-5"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-03-2014-0016","article-title":"The engagement of social media technologies by undergraduate informatics students for academic purpose in Malaysia","volume":"12","author":"lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Information Communication & Ethics in Society"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using online social networking: Students&#x2019; purposes of Facebook usage at the University of Turkey","volume":"3","author":"argan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.25115\/ejrep.v9i25.1465","article-title":"Impact of Facebook usage on students academic achievement: Role of self-regulation and trust","volume":"9","author":"rouis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref17","author":"moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blogs Wikis Podcasts and Facebook How Today&#x2019;s Higher Education Faculty Use Social Media"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.037"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899368"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2014.22009"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790195.2010.10850336"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"18","article-title":"Millennials will benefit and suffer due to their hyperconnected lives","author":"anderson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/016146819009100306","article-title":"Motivation: What teachers need to know","volume":"91","author":"ames","year":"1990","journal-title":"Teachers College Rec"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903300262"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.04.017"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.08.006"},{"key":"ref87","author":"naidu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Learning and Teaching with Technology Principles and Practices"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/6048","article-title":"Use of social networks as an education tool","volume":"2","author":"tiryakioglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Technology"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8600701\/08759860.pdf?arnumber=8759860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T05:42:25Z","timestamp":1695015745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8759860\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":110,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2019.2928142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}