{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:42:15Z","timestamp":1784691735494,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grant of Putra Berimpak","award":["UPM\/800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2018\/9659400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPM\/800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2018\/9659400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2935220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T16:01:17Z","timestamp":1565798477000},"page":"115229-115248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Firefly-Inspired Time Synchronization Mechanism for Self-Organizing Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyad Ghaleb","family":"Al-Mekhlafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zurina Mohd","family":"Hanapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mohammed","family":"Shamsan Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.209"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2011.07.018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.1999.749287"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.124"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of computer network clocks","author":"mills","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1305"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/513527"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSA.2002.1017485"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.554205"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2003.1258234"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.002"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110404137"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807048.1807053"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/568369"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/FUEE1102183S"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2208109"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/57054"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15501320902768625"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908241"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"New advances in clock synchronization for wireless sensor networks","author":"mei","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.2.5.24-32"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15766-0_43"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.938757"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSNet.2013.6488664"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON.2012.6275801"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2660"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2178676"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00784","article-title":"Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer","volume":"417","author":"kielpinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2012.6181184"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"17","author":"willig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-192"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"62","article-title":"Research and development on aspects of clock synchronization in a wireless sensor network","volume":"5","author":"al-mekhlafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Technol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"2818","article-title":"Bio-inspired hybrid control of pulse-coupled oscillators and application to synchronization of a wireless network","author":"n\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Amer Control Conf (ACC)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110807625"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/854087"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2205685"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2275511"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332833.332838"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysconle.2015.11.007"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/345821"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1991.10484859"},{"key":"ref45","author":"papoulis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Probability random variables and stochastic processes"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2002.803979"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of end-to-end delay measurements in Internet","author":"bovy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Passive Active Meas (PAM) Workshop"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2012.48"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668260.2668261"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2004.1316761"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2182045"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147718768991"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0951-7715\/28\/1\/237"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.70705"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SARNOF.2006.4534749"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.12.006"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2003.95617"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.05.090275"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2019.02.059"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.15.0114.0688"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/186406"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.71.1847.537-a"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2004.1348118"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-011-0156-y"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0150098"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ietcom\/e88-b.3.873"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2014.10.111"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2012.6399401"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2006.010505"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"71","article-title":"Extension of pairwise broadcast clock synchronization for multicluster sensor networks","volume":"2008","author":"noh","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J Adv Signal Process"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.09.007"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A survey","author":"keswani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Futuristic Trends in Engineering Science Humanities and Technology (FTESHT)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.010"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Enhancing energy efficiency in WSN","author":"kawale","year":"0","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/242386"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2014.1101.1113"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2015.190"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/532986"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA479052"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/415929"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2040669"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2016.482.494"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0670-9"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"240","article-title":"Self-organizing method for energy-efficient pulse coupled oscillator (EEPCO) in wireless networks","volume":"23","author":"al-mekhlafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wulfenia"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.70739"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIRELESSVITAE.2009.5172554"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.060710.00066"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I4CT.2014.6914161"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.035"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2369003"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2576923"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.06.002"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-39"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2010.5624513"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/941350.941353"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2016.7798520"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis and design of phase desynchronization in pulse-coupled oscillators","volume":"abs 1603 3313","author":"gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1098918.1098934"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WISES.2008.4623299"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.1466"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/867465"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2361196"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.8.6.389-397"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.09.020"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439807637","author":"zurawski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Industrial Information Technology"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1380564.1380571"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2614-9"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2017.01.006"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031501"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811307"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.171"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1280904"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.91.012916"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc0958"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2014.6858641"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(01)00374-8"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/980159.980173"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844143"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TELSKS.2011.6143190"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2007.25"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.070343","article-title":"A new approach for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks: Pairwise broadcast synchronization","volume":"7","author":"noh","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/570645.570653"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1236360.1236363"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/778415.778428"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2004.1313336"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2006.255721"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2017.2677740"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2016.1235.1244"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167423"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2633246"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8600701\/08798605.pdf?arnumber=8798605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:31:28Z","timestamp":1641987088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8798605\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":128,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2019.2935220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}