{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:31:43Z","timestamp":1785249103367,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK through the ELWAG Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["95143-564624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95143-564624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"PNTAE project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["133896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spirent Communications Plc. as part of the Warwick Collaborative Postgraduate Research Scholarships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2973759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T17:55:13Z","timestamp":1581616513000},"page":"153960-153976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Zidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elijah I.","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7159-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Kampert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart A.","family":"Birrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Col R.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spirent Communications Plc., Paignton, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6863-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"52","article-title":"Dilution of precision","volume":"10","author":"langley","year":"1999","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMA.2018.8330133"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"263","article-title":"Aviation applications","author":"rife","year":"2009","journal-title":"GNSS Applications and Methods"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2016.7530570"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708007"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2766768"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/arsa-2018-0007"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2014.6856485"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Integrity monitoring for road applications","author":"monnerat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Positioning Conf Workshop (CNES CCT PDS ENAC)"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"European radio navigation plan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref28","author":"van sickle","year":"0","journal-title":"GPS and GNSS for geospatial professionals Tracking loops"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786352.wbieg1151"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2658179"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(99)00056-3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119141167.ch1"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119141167.ch3"},{"key":"ref24","author":"borre","year":"2007","journal-title":"A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver A Single-Frequency Approach"},{"key":"ref23","author":"rycroft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Understanding GPS Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref101","year":"2019","journal-title":"GNSS"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MECHATRONIKA.2014.7018322"},{"key":"ref100","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technology for GNSS Products"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2017.8002960"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1972","article-title":"Scintillation characteristics across the GPS frequency band","author":"carrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc ION-GNSS"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.05.032"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-012-0305-5"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173818"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"3889","article-title":"Multi-constellation GNSS multipath mitigation using consistency checking","author":"jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 24th Int Meeting Satell Division Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7.913677"},{"key":"ref55","author":"groves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Principles of GNSS Inertial and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-017-0667-9"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2017.7954199"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463317000509"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2018.1402747"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"GNSS market report","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2006090"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.869355"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"38","article-title":"Driverless highways: Creating cars that talk to the roads","volume":"75","author":"frey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2018.8408291"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12314","article-title":"global morphology of ionospheric scintillations","volume":"70","author":"aarons","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2833438"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Satellite-Derived Time and Position A Study of Critical Dependencies"},{"key":"ref46","author":"vagle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multi-antenna GNSS and INS\/odometer coupling for robust vehicular navigation"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2015.7208461"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2014020"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.08.036"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/5.9781600866388.0717.0771"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463312000082"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-017-0693-7"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/5.9781600866388.0547.0568"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2875948"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2014.7045136"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851499"},{"key":"ref124","first-page":"1","article-title":"PVT Solution Authentication Based on Monitoring the Clock State for a Moving GNSS Receiver","author":"jafarnia-jahromi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Eur Navigat Conf (ENC)"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2797972"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.736343"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-010-0162-z"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-015-0449-1"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Multicorrelator techniques for robust mitigation of threats to GPS signal quality","author":"phelts","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"458","author":"groves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intelligent urban positioning using multi-constellation GNSS with 3d mapping and NLOS signal detection"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0384-6"},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"3569","article-title":"The texas spoofing test battery: Toward a standard for evaluating GPS signal authentication techniques","author":"humphreys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 25th Int Tech Meeting Satellite Division Inst Navigat (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317700"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"140","author":"groves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Novel Multipath Mitigation Methods Using a Dual-Polarization Antenna"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2018.8440897"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"2776","article-title":"GNSS spoofing detection using two-antenna differential carrier phase","volume":"4","author":"psiaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 27th Int Tech Meeting Satell Division Inst Navigat ION (GNSS)"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2034267"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2765258"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2019.8714191"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2902178"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AEMC.2017.8325762"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2797309"},{"key":"ref135","article-title":"GPS spoofer and repeater mitigation system using digital spatial nulling","author":"mcdowell","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1979.308765"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.855428"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533854"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100185"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2014.01.003"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2006101"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2016","journal-title":"What is SBAS?"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006RG000212"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463306003821"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-22-3437-2004"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40328-015-0113-9"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1172-9"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"GNSS user technology report","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0742-x"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.04.020"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2526658"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"0","article-title":"Test results from a digital p(y) code beamsteering receiver for multipath minimization","volume":"2001","author":"brown","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ION 57 th Annu Meeting"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0407-3"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2004.1292138"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"34","article-title":"GNSS jamming in the name of privacy","volume":"7","author":"pullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2848461"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463308005213"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2794405"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESTEL.2012.6400121"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373540"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-016-0548-7"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5965716"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"893","article-title":"Studying the effects of interference on GNSS signals","author":"craven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting The Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"24","article-title":"Multipath mitigation techniques using maximum-likelihood principle","volume":"3","author":"sahmoudi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897166"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494400"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373366"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apme+ Principle"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"243","article-title":"A new approach to GPS phase multipath mitigation","author":"b\u00e9taille","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Nat Tech Meeting Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"1942","article-title":"The design and performance of the Zephyr geodetic antenna","author":"krantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 14th Int Tech Meeting Satell Division Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref97","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gpsantenna Model 501"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-018-0018-z"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2372000"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2409109"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2535898"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCON.1999.842674"},{"key":"ref15","author":"misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Positioning System Signals Measurements and Performance"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6621814"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"208","article-title":"A study of CSS based GNSS spreading modulation technique","author":"kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 18th Asia&#x2013;Pacific Conf Commun (APCC)"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6558004"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.44"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"77","article-title":"The USSR&#x2019;s Glonass P-code-Determination and initial results","author":"lennen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Tech Meeting Satell Division Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"GNSS multipath mitigation using low complexity adaptive equalization algorithms","author":"sokhandan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 5th ESA Int Colloq Sci Fundam Aspects Galileo"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2679899"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"498","article-title":"Assessment of the multipath mitigation effect of vector tracking in an urban environment","author":"hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc ION Pacific PNT Meeting"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851386"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2007.4383585"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPINLBS.2010.5654015"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"3129","article-title":"A proposed navigation message authentication implementation for civil GPS anti-spoofing","author":"wesson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851385"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"3584","article-title":"Real-time spoofing detection using correlation between two civil GPS receivers","author":"o\u2019hanlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS Meeting"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/29137"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Real-time spoofing detection in a narrow-band civil GPS receiver","author":"o\u2019hanlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.19"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa9672"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851498"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1012"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.50"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463313000350"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2654359"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.178"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2015.2501352"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/6287639\/9312710\/8998218-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/08998218.pdf?arnumber=8998218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1765997276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8998218\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":139,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.2973759","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}