{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:05:19Z","timestamp":1781283919450,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002784","name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs (CERC) Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2986972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T20:27:54Z","timestamp":1586550474000},"page":"70553-70571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Current Status and Future Trends of GaN HEMTs in Electrified Transportation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloufar","family":"Keshmiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Emadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PRIME.2018.8430331"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA.2013.6695576"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2016","journal-title":"GN001 Application Guide — Design with GaN Enhancement mode HEMT"},{"key":"ref32","author":"mcdonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"GaN in a Silicon World Competition or Coexistence?"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2018.8445373"},{"key":"ref30","author":"smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tips and Tricks for High-Speed High-Voltage Measurement"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITEC.2017.7993332"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-efficiency true bridgeless totem pole PFC based on GaN HEMT: Design challenges and cost-effective solution","author":"zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Eur Int Exhib Conf Power Electron Intell Motion Renew Energy Manage (PCIM)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2571299"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Efficiency improvement with GaN-based SSFET as synchronous rectifier in PFC boost converter","author":"yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc PCIM Eur Conf"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"36","article-title":"A performance comparison of GaN E-HEMTs versus SiC MOSFETs in power switching applications","author":"xu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE.2018.8372523"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hard Switching and Soft Switching Using IGBTs"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"310","article-title":"Lateral GaN transistors—A replacement for IGBT devices in automotive applications","author":"roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc PCIM Eur Conf"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2286639"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"GaN electronics for next generation cars","author":"chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Comm Electronics"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2014.6803631"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Design considerations of Paralleled GaN HEMT-based Half Bridge Power Stage"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2017.7978443"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"GaN transistors for efficient power conversion","author":"lidow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gallium Nitride (GaN) Technology Overview"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2496789"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/CJECE.2018.2807780","article-title":"Wide bandgap devices in electric vehicle converters: A performance survey","volume":"41","author":"abdelrahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Electr Comput Eng"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2388862"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDG.2015.7223071"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2018.8558124"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2725307"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2334233"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Prospects of GaN devices in automotive electrification","author":"araujo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc PCIM Eur Conf"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2331062"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA.2017.8170574"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPSD.2016.7520765"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2016.7855024"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2016.2643099"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2014.2359978"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2013.2294238"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dual-phase solid-liquid interdiffusion bonding, a solution for the die attachment of WBG","author":"chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Electron Mater Packag (EMAP)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2268900"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unlocking the power of GaN","author":"kinzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Appl Power Electron Conf Expo (APEC)"},{"key":"ref49","author":"leaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Range and charging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2016.7854940"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EVER.2015.7112939"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2199131"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.922768"},{"key":"ref48","year":"0","journal-title":"The tesla supercharger"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2016.0982"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRPS.2016.7574528"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gallium Nitride transistors drive automotive applications","author":"lidow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) WP001"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2719599"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASDAM.2018.8544555"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2013.2294238"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSST.2013.6524951"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EnergyTech.2013.6645298"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2533347"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2017.7930684"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2017.8216224"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Technologies Issues and Policies for Sustainable Mobility"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2015.7310502"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2010.5729068"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"78","article-title":"Impact of 1.2 kV SiC-MOSFET EV traction inverter on urban driving","author":"kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Workshop Wide Bandgap Power Devices Appl (WiPDA)"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA.2018.8569194"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2015.7310545"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2017.8096866"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advancing Clean Transportation and Vehicle Systems and Technologies"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global EV outlook 2017"},{"key":"ref63","author":"hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electric Car Battery With 600 Miles of Range? This Startup Claims to Have Done It"},{"key":"ref64","author":"kane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Envision AESC’s NCM 811 Batteries to Exceed 300 Wh\/kg in 2020"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2014.7048923"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITEC.2015.7165754"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2294906"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2287501"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2015.2437338"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2323193"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A proof-of-concept demonstration for the transportation electrification education","author":"xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Expo Transp Electrific Asia–Pacific (ITEC Asia–Pacific)"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2017.2685464"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2018.8341239"},{"key":"ref108","year":"2019","journal-title":"Why Ships of the Future Will Run on Electricity"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEPEMC.2012.6397448"},{"key":"ref107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ampere The World’s First All-Electric Car Ferry"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2019","journal-title":"20kW DC-DC Converter 610VDC\/28VDC"},{"key":"ref106","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vision of the Fjords Spectacular ferry Runs Silently on Batteries Along UNESCO Listed Fjord"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2015.2426499"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2495331"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"4","author":"martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gallium Nitride Applications"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2005.862708"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECEC.1996.552858"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"16","author":"fesmire","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Future of Transport is Electric and It’s Already Here"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWIPP.2015.7295973"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPSD.2011.5890777"},{"key":"ref112","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electric train"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2017.2703583"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2187535"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2015.2426501"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA.2013.6695574"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2012.6421608"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2034397"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2010.5703356"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRPS.2012.6241815"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2582685"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2011.6043209"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2016.7532089"},{"key":"ref118","author":"xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optimizing GaN performance with an integrated driver"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2016.2622005"},{"key":"ref82","year":"2019","journal-title":"GaN Technologies for Electric Vehicles"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"GN001 Application Guide — Design with GaN Enhancement mode HEMT"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physical Properties and Characteristics of SiC"},{"key":"ref81","author":"ploss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Power Versus Frequency"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSICT.2008.4734738"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2002.1021571"},{"key":"ref119","author":"dusmez","year":"0","journal-title":"Overcurrent Protection in High-Density GaN Power Designs"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2014.6803631"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPEC.2010.5543854"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shinry and Cree Raise the Bar for State-of-the-Art Electric-Vehicle Power Converters"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"1","author":"mims","year":"2009","journal-title":"Slide Show Hybrid Trucks are Here for the Long (Medium and Short) Haul"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aaaf9d"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automotive power electronics roadmap","author":"kolar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Integr Power Electron Syst"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revolutionizing Transit The Proterra Catalyst Battery Electric Bus"},{"key":"ref120","year":"2013","journal-title":"Volateg Classes for Electric Mobility"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2013","journal-title":"787 Electrical System"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utilising advanced packaging technologies to enable smaller, more efficient GaN power devices","author":"longford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Eur Microelectron Packag Conf (EMPC)"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2017.2657327"},{"key":"ref123","article-title":"SiC MOSFETs in optimized packaging deliver a $3\\times$ reduction in switching losses, enabling affordable high-efficiency EV battery chargers","author":"ayerbe","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref85","author":"huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Challenges in More Electric Aircraft (MEA)"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2014.2360720"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.469300"},{"key":"ref88","author":"sinnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"787 No-Bleed Systems Saving Fuel and Enhancing Operational Efficiencies"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09063442.pdf?arnumber=9063442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T01:17:46Z","timestamp":1666315066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9063442\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":125,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.2986972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}