{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:21:19Z","timestamp":1774675279496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["UJ-04-18-ICP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UJ-04-18-ICP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2999829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T20:14:12Z","timestamp":1591215252000},"page":"105008-105030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Detecting Human Driver Inattentive and Aggressive Driving Behavior Using Deep Learning: Recent Advances, Requirements and Open Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monagi H.","family":"Alkinani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0819-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wazir Zada","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quratulain","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.05.001"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"The impact of hand-held and hands-free cell phone use on driving performance and safety-critical event risk","author":"fitch","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2903299"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Harnessing machine learning for next-generation intelligent transportation systems: A survey","author":"yuan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2929020"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.12.004"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071563"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Road Safety Factsheet Driver Distraction Fact Sheet"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"The relative frequency of unsafe driving acts in serious traffic crashes","author":"hendricks","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112574"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040957"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2004.830974"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914373"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9020217"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1217-5_49"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2015.7225655"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2008.918624"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.031412.00077"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2917213"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSC.2011.6042952"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9152962"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2889962"},{"key":"ref50","author":"zwaag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Music Directs Your Mood"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3243015"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919831313"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27541-9_46"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119847985"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2017.8285380"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Drowsy driving and automobile crashes","year":"1998","journal-title":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Road accidents: A literature review and position paper","volume":"1","author":"fatigue","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents"},{"key":"ref53","author":"strohl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes NCCDR\/NHTSA Expert Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3122986.3122998"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3022227.3022303"},{"key":"ref4","author":"ferris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Feds to Investigate Tesla Crash Driver Blamed on Autopilot"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29726-8_5"},{"key":"ref6","volume":"11713","author":"holzinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction Third IFIP TC 5 TC 12 WG 8 4 WG 8 9 WG 12 9 International Cross-Domain Conference"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/252\/1\/012096"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.09.026"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2754467"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105432"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081464"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0389-4304(99)00093-4"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2851309"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2506602"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-019-01339-0"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"The impact of cognitive distraction on driver visual behaviour and vehicle control","author":"harbluk","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9990-0_1"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning: An overview","author":"li","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1701 07274"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.01.025"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.04.012"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8916924"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"The threat of adversarial attacks on machine learning in network security&#x2014;A survey","author":"ibitoye","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1911 02621"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2743240"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0007520305640572"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8030292"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030495"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143059"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717733391"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Strategies for implementing best practices","author":"enforcement","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"8","article-title":"Frustration drives road rage","volume":"97","author":"johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Traffic Saf (Chicago)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(99)00002-9"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.10.032"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3702795"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025571"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global status report on road safety 2018"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118773869"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Road Safety Facts"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2960110"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep belief networks and deep learning","author":"hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Intell Comput Internet Things"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814246"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946712"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2019.8778416"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"4263","article-title":"An end-to-end spatio-temporal attention model for human action recognition from skeleton data","author":"song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 21st AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942838"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Multiplicative LSTM for sequence modelling","author":"krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1609 07959"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11050115"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5392"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2921722"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3320326.3320376"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Driver behavior recognition via interwoven deep convolutional neural nets with multi-stream inputs","author":"zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1811 09128"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2850031"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2018.2880807"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114471"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4125865"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-019-01589-z"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.00004"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"298","article-title":"Context-driven multi-stream LSTM (M-LSTM) for recognizing fine-grained activity of drivers","author":"behera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc German Conf Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00410","article-title":"Psychophysiological contributions to traffic safety","volume":"13","author":"band","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.09.009"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810376055"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2056682"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812461374"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2018.1528484"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94544-6_10"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.10.014"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(82)90024-3"},{"key":"ref117","author":"karthik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep Learning Innovations and Their Convergence With Big Data"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.11.010"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Dive into deep learning","volume":"19","author":"zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Unpublished Draft Retrieved"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2940481"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.069"},{"key":"ref119","author":"stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Look no Hands Self-Driving Vehicle&#x2019;s Public Trust Problem"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"524","article-title":"D3: Abnormal driving behaviors detection and identification using smartphone sensors","author":"chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 12th Annu IEEE Int Conf Sens Commun Netw (SECON)"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/nolta.10.304"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-019-1211-x"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1536-6_15"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3374217"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"lecun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2807385"},{"key":"ref120","author":"edmonds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Three in Four Americans Remain Afraid of Fully Self-Driving Vehicles"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2810881"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"How to construct deep recurrent neural networks","author":"pascanu","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv 1312 6026"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Quasi-recurrent neural networks","author":"bradbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1611 01576"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jisys-2018-0016"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"3104","article-title":"Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks","author":"sutskever","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09107077.pdf?arnumber=9107077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T01:08:41Z","timestamp":1641949721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9107077\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":120,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.2999829","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}