{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:22:20Z","timestamp":1769264540145,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council (ARC) under the Discovery Scheme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200100005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T21:05:23Z","timestamp":1598907923000},"page":"158893-158910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["ZyConChain: A Scalable Blockchain for General Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasrin","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahir","family":"Tari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"127","article-title":"The consensus problem in unreliable distributed systems (a brief survey)","author":"fischer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Fundam Comput Theory"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"53","article-title":"Real time and distributed computing systems","author":"kamble","year":"0","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319889"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_5","article-title":"Kademlia: A peer-to-peer information system based on the XOR metric","author":"maymounkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Peer-to-Peer Syst"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ic.2006.02.007"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45022-X_49"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/200836.200869"},{"key":"ref36","author":"tanenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms"},{"key":"ref35","author":"coulouris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Distributed Systems Concepts and Design"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119519621.ch2"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2146382.2146389"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00224-008-9099-9"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Efficient synchronous Byzantine consensus","author":"abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1704 02397"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Symp Netw Syst Design Implem (NSDI)"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E48712.2020.00020"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.38"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1095817"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1658357.1658358"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24","article-title":"The sybil attack","volume":"2429","author":"douceur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Peer-to-Peer Syst"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Revisiting fast practical byzantine fault tolerance","author":"abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1712 01367"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFFCS.1999.814584"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.45"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"135","article-title":"Spin One’s wheels? Byzantine fault tolerance with a spinning primary","author":"veronese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 28th IEEE Int Symp Reliable Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"153","article-title":"Aardvark: Making Byzantine fault tolerant systems tolerate Byzantine faults","author":"clement","year":"2009","journal-title":"Symposium A Quarterly Journal in Modern Foreign Literatures"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/322186.322188"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"TenderMint: Consensus without mining","volume":"6","author":"kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"the-Blockchain Com"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2658994"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","author":"churyumov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Byteball’s"},{"key":"ref11","author":"lemahieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano A Feeless Distributed Cryptocurrency Network"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref12","author":"schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Ripple protocol consensus algorithm"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Analysis of the XRP ledger consensus protocol","author":"chase","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1802 07242"},{"key":"ref14","author":"antonopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mastering Bitcoin"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"self-published paper"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Sok: Consensus in the age of blockchains","author":"bano","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1711 03936"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294267","article-title":"Zyzzyva: Speculative Byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"27","author":"kotla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc SOSP"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"279","article-title":"Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing","author":"kogias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243853"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Evaluating the red belly blockchain","author":"crain","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1812 11747"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2006.35"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"IOTA Whitepaper v1.4.3","volume":"81","author":"popov","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Yorker"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Deconstructing blockchains: A comprehensive survey on consensus, membership and structure","author":"natoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1908 08316"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"177","article-title":"HQ replication: A hybrid quorum protocol for Byzantine fault tolerance","author":"cowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc of USENIX Symp on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"8","article-title":"Viewstamped replication: A new primary copy method to support highly-available distributed systems","author":"oki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc of the 7th Annual ACM Symp on Principles of Dist Computing"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471478210","volume":"19","author":"attiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Distributed Computing Fundamentals Simulations and Advanced Topics"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(85)90056-0"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild","volume":"91","author":"cachin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42282.42283"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09180325.pdf?arnumber=9180325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T16:03:05Z","timestamp":1696608185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9180325\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3020319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}