{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:46:34Z","timestamp":1785861994440,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Foundation of the National Natural Science Committee of China and the Civil Aviation Administration of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1933108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1933108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010882","name":"Scientific Research Project of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019KJ117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KJ117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3122020076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3122020076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3122019051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3122019051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3022294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T21:34:56Z","timestamp":1599514496000},"page":"165444-165496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Spoofing and Anti-Spoofing Technologies of Global Navigation Satellite System: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8484-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8226-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rusen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"44","article-title":"Principle and simulation research of GPS repeater deception jamming","volume":"32","author":"gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Telemetry Tracking and Command"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"GNSS vulnerabilities and existing solution: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"zidan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2587322"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2535898"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cps.2017.0033"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2830118"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"884","article-title":"Spoofing pattern research on GNSS Receivers","volume":"33","author":"huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Astron J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.14"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC-ScalCom-CBDCom-IoP.2015.250"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140297"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"2344","article-title":"Joint GNSS interference mitigation approach for jamming and spoofing based on multi-antenna array","volume":"38","author":"wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electron Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2949178"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8170907"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2797309"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"40","article-title":"A case study on the application of GPS forward spoofing jamming in UAV","volume":"7","author":"zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerospace China"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1360\/N112016-00073"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Protecting GPS from spoofers is critical to the future of navigation","author":"psiaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr"},{"key":"ref23","author":"humphreys","year":"2013","journal-title":"UT Austin Researchers Spoof Superyacht at Sea"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2013.19"},{"key":"ref26","author":"goward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mass GPS Spoofing Attack in Black Sea? The Maritime Executive"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research and implementation of GNSS anti-spoofing interference positioning algorithm based on multiple antennas","author":"liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 12th Signal Intell Inf Process Appl Nat Academic Conf"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2019","journal-title":"2017-005A-Black Sea-GPS Interference"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2869261"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"184","article-title":"Experiment study of spoofing jamming on GPS receiver","volume":"41","author":"wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fire Control Command Control"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236917"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2016.7577146"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"35","article-title":"Research of Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS) spoofing detection based on DOD and PTD","volume":"46","author":"zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"698","article-title":"An in-line anti-spoofing device for legacy civil GPS receivers","author":"ledvina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2016.14670"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494400"},{"key":"ref53","author":"fabio","year":"2015","journal-title":"GNSS Interference Threats and Countermeasures"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"24","article-title":"Research on key technologies of GPS generated spoofing","volume":"30","author":"ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerospace Electronic Confrontation"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"93","article-title":"Research of re-radiating spoofing technique to GNSS timing receiver","volume":"35","author":"huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nat'l Univ of Defense Technology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2845365"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2017.11.001"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2526658"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2550638"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2017.160190"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"76","article-title":"A power control strategy of multiple GNSS spoofing signals","volume":"18","author":"huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Air Force Engineering University (natural science edition)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2754414"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897166"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"496","article-title":"GPS spoofing and inducing model of UAV","volume":"50","author":"dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Technol"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"28","article-title":"Assessing the spoofing threat","volume":"20","author":"humphreys","year":"2009","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"27","article-title":"A GPS spoofing pattern based on denial environment","volume":"16","author":"shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Air Force Engineering University (natural science edition)"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Study on GPS generated spoofing attacks","volume":"33","author":"he","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Res Comput"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"56","article-title":"Analysis and optimizing of time-delay in GPS repeater deception","volume":"29","author":"shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF CHONGQING UNIVERSITY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION)"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"103","article-title":"GPS repeater deception jamming technology based on delay control","volume":"352","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Missiles and Space Vehicles"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Anti-spoofing & authenticated signal architectures for civil navigation systems","author":"scott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation ION GPS\/GNSS"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2017.8014219"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092120"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851499"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"49","article-title":"Research on anti-spoofing technology for navigation satellite receiver","volume":"46","author":"li wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radio Eng"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CPGPS.2017.8075151"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2848318"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2011.0151"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Spoofing interference suppression in GNSS using repeated CLEAN","volume":"31","author":"wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Signal Process"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2019.0264"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/aon-2016-0013"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAM.2014.6882352"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"41","article-title":"GPS receiver anti-deceptive jamming method based on space-time multi-antenna null","volume":"36","author":"ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Sichuan Ordnance"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2019.0366"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2529600"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"19","article-title":"The characteristics of single antenna repeater jamming coordinates mappings","volume":"40","author":"yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gnss World of China"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2765258"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404110"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.150148"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUSIPCO.2016.7760408"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851386"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851392"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Signal authentication, a secure civil GNSS for today","volume":"4","author":"lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2015.7338807"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2715898"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4591-2_6"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2016.7535525"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.125"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2787581"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533685"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2016.7726713"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180345.1180364"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"72","article-title":"Deception detection method in multipath environment","volume":"45","author":"cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modern Defence Technology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970203"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"2913","article-title":"A new method in acquisition to detect GNSS spoofing signal","author":"wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mech Sci Electr Eng Comput (MEC)"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2874151"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373542"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851394"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373366"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"48","article-title":"Keeping the spoofs out: Signal authentication services for future GNSS","author":"pozzobon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"55","article-title":"From data schemes to supersonic codes: GNSS authentication for modernized signals","volume":"10","author":"pozzobon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851385"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2013.6736854"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1109\/TST.2013.6678905","article-title":"Intermediate spoofing strategies and countermeasures","volume":"18","author":"gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6884182"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2020.2974034"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2525938"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2372000"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2016.7524168"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAIN.2015.7352259"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"5","article-title":"Research on GNSS generating spoofing jamming technology","author":"xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IET Int Radar Conf"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"106","article-title":"BeiDou-I satellite short message communication technology and application","volume":"23","author":"shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Practical Electronics"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373475"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Signal authentication and integrity schemes for next generation global navigation satellite systems","author":"wullems","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc European Navigation Conf"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373405"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"2828","article-title":"Securing GNSS: An end-to-end feasibility study for the Galileo open service","author":"curran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851501"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2852199"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373406"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2014.7045136"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS-FALL.2017.8293251"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2017.7954220"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"23","article-title":"Detection on navigation deception signals based on INS and GNSS attitude measurement","author":"shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 9th China Satell Navigat Conf"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"38","article-title":"Galileo’s commercial service: Testing GNSS high accuracy and authentication","volume":"10","author":"fern\u00e1ndez-hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30114-1_17"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2017.15206"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"124","article-title":"Receiver-autonomous spoofing detection: Experimental results of a multi-antenna receiver defense against a portable civil GPS spoofer","author":"montgomery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc ION Int Tech Meeting"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2014.6851406"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2530317"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"1172","article-title":"A novel spoofing attack detection method in satellite navigation tracking phase","volume":"36","author":"zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astron J"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939141"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2902178"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2017.05.002"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533684"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2016.7849322"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2013.6703992"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2016.7849353"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09187240.pdf?arnumber=9187240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T19:55:44Z","timestamp":1639770944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9187240\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":124,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3022294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}