{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:45:09Z","timestamp":1785293109556,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3026968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T22:47:11Z","timestamp":1601419631000},"page":"177782-177803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Stages-Based ECG Signal Analysis From Traditional Signal Processing to Machine Learning Approaches: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Wasimuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9239-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Elleithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel-Shakour","family":"Abuzneid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2684-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miad","family":"Faezipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abuzaghleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.3009187"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.10.028"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2011.12.004"},{"key":"ref33","author":"akansu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Multiresolution Signal Decomposition Transforms Subbands and Wavelets"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2019.10.033"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1983.325225"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2717876"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEICT.2015.7307507"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.821031"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-10-23"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.7296298"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2013.6599622"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2944027"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912036"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2017.065-469"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CT-IETA.2016.7868243"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2018.2442"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LISSA.2009.4906719"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2582340"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2015.7443220"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2548362"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2794346"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2948067"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"4654","article-title":"A QRS complex detection algorithm based on mathematical morphology and envelope","author":"chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol 27th Annu Conf"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2010.5640077"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-1021-6"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"ECG feature extraction techniques-a survey approach","author":"karpagachelvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"arXiv 1005 0957"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2810957"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2828882"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2019.12.001"},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"25","article-title":"A survey on various machine learning approaches for ECG analysis","volume":"163","author":"k","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INTECH.2016.7845089"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCT.2015.87"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACTM.2019.8776804"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACEA.2015.7164783"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"13","article-title":"QRS detection and heart rate variability analysis: A survey","volume":"2","author":"oweis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J of Biomedical Science and Engineering"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"3187","article-title":"ECG signal classification and parameter estimation using multiwavelet transform","volume":"28","author":"subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"3038","article-title":"Detection of QRS complexes of ECG recording based on wavelet transform using Matlab","volume":"2","author":"gautam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/11\/005"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344704"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148814"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2012.05.143"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107580"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2187706"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LISSA.2011.5754171"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2213597"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.01.040"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2014.710081"},{"key":"ref164","first-page":"88","article-title":"Cross wavelet transform based analysis of electrocardiogram signals","volume":"1","author":"banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Electr Electron Comput Eng"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.03.017"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31820a92c6"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2015.7299419"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1996.271.4.R1078"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.10.045"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2013.01.005"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"lecun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection with convolutional neural networks","author":"rajpurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1707 01836"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"ST segment characterization for long term automated ECG analysis","author":"albrecht","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Harrison&#x2019;s principles of internal medicine","volume":"2","author":"fauci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Publishing Division"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2009.2020093"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0268-3"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2017.2757953"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-323-04038-1\/50018-4"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.059"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-015-0092-x"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2012.6209924"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIACT46704.2019.8938461"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.07.017"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/7\/004"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2014.511103"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2844195"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2031638","article-title":"ECG signal compression and classification algorithm with quad level vector for ECG holter system","volume":"14","author":"kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECBES.2018.8626603"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857226"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2006.4600353"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2017.7966413"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.12.037"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2017.165-056"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.08.022"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Portable heart attack warning system by monitoring the ST segment via smartphone electrocardiogram processing","author":"oresko","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaaa9d"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.133"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103800"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.02.004"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.05.013"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2045498"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2671443"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000527"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab15a2"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.13.13"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2705582"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"2278","article-title":"A 2Mb\/s wideband pulse transceiver with direct-coupled interface for human body communications","author":"song","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE ISSCC Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO.2013.6601326"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353134"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSCC.2006.357887"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2015.2421901"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2823275"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Comparative study of QRS detection in single lead and 12-lead ECG based on entropy and combined entropy criteria using support vector machine","volume":"3","author":"mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2878492"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2016.7749493"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.07.026"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346460"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2055575"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150511465"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CompComm.2016.7924812"},{"key":"ref142","year":"2020","journal-title":"ECG Portable Simulators"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2279001"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WITCONECE48374.2019.9092906"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.11.002"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.12.008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswax.2019.100003"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2019.005"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSPC.2017.8305841"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2020","journal-title":"National Heart Lug and blood institute National Institutes of Health"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.J1165.0881019","article-title":"Detection and Classification of ECG Signal through Machine learning","volume":"8","author":"sahay","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.096"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SKIMA.2014.7083561"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Classification of 12-lead ECG signals with bi-directional LSTM network","author":"mostayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1811 02090"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9474-3"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101819"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.828033"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.06.002"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2007.04.001"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106383"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPMB.2015.7405453"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101856"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.05.022"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.06.006"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00100-2"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e18080285"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-019-01479-4"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101875"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.12.024"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101744","article-title":"Arrhythmia classification based on multi-domain feature extraction for an ECG recognition system","volume":"16","author":"li","year":"2016","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.03.269"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2015.11.003"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.932724"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060332"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.1998.731793"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.1997.648140"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2008.4749089"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1607-5"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaf34d"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.038"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.1995.40.s1.317"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.06.027"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"381","article-title":"A noise stress test for arrhythmia detectors","volume":"11","author":"moody","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput Cardiol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2018.8584808"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2061230"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation\/flutter","author":"goldberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"PhysioNet Comput Cardiol Challenge"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010135"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00385-1"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-019-05322-w"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI49370.2019.00180"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.04.005"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"32","article-title":"Risk stratification in heart failure using artificial neural networks","author":"atienza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc AMIA Symp"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346573"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512752"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706799"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2163943"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2012.6399715"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2468589"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"256","article-title":"A deep learning approach to examine ischemic ST changes in ambulatory ECG recordings","volume":"2018","author":"xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMIA Summits Transl Sci Proc"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SNSP.2018.00038"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2019.11.046"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09206538.pdf?arnumber=9206538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T19:56:13Z","timestamp":1639770973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9206538\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":168,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3026968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}