{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:13:49Z","timestamp":1780989229160,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3035966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T20:40:40Z","timestamp":1604522440000},"page":"208623-208642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Start With Problems or Solutions? Medical Device Design in Industry and Academia"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4698-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanna R.","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aileen","family":"Huang-Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2016-59942"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AMP.2006.19873412"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03043797.2018.1514368"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4024976"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.3642"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"704","article-title":"Medical applications for 3D printing: Current and projected uses","volume":"39","author":"ventola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"ref74","author":"altshuller","year":"1997","journal-title":"40 Principles TRIZ Keys to Technical Innovation"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2963095"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.11.084"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Prototyping in design of a lunar wheel-comparative case study of industry, government, and academia","author":"stowe","year":"0"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060418000124"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2008.00031.x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105960118801300302"},{"key":"ref31","author":"cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Design Agenda A Guide to Successful Design Management"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(98)00022-2"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593690.2593694"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557261"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2017.11.001"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.1994.11670969"},{"key":"ref60","author":"ullman","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Mechanical Design Process"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.03.021"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Creativity in the engineering design process","author":"thomas","year":"0"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2018.03.009"},{"key":"ref28","author":"mcdaniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integrating Cognitive Science With Innovative Teaching in STEM Disciplines"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007895322042"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Tracing problem evolution: Factors that impact design problem definition","author":"daly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analysing Design Thinking Studies of Cross–Cultural Co–Creation"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2109992"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00196-2"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2010.05.005"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35199\/epde2019.30"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2012.tb01121.x"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-018-2089-6"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Role of the National Science Foundation in the Innovation Ecosystem"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.1.72"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book551","author":"esbj\u00f6rn-hargens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integral Theory in Action Applied Theoretical and Constructive Perspectives on the AQAL Model"},{"key":"ref22","author":"lawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Design-Expert 7"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1056224.1056242"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1603_3"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(88)90045-2"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2019.5"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315208169-9"},{"key":"ref50","author":"bailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods of social research"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01823.x"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/DESI_a_00250"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21650349.2017.1362359"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(91)90003-F"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(01)00009-6"},{"key":"ref55","author":"pahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Engineering Design A Systematic Approach"},{"key":"ref54","author":"maxwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qualitative Research Design An Interactive Approach"},{"key":"ref53","author":"salda\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fundamentals of Qualitative Research"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2017.04.002"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00048.x"},{"key":"ref11","author":"cross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Engineering Design Methods Strategies for Product Design"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2011412"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300500"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482269529"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(73)90011-8"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frascati Manual 2015 Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"key":"ref17","author":"guilford","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Nature of Human Intelligence"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC00223D"},{"key":"ref19","author":"esbjorn-hargens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integral Ecology Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2018.03.003"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2018.03.002"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600800801938762"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2013.856620"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-587-1_2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13758-011-0012-8"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199203000-00012"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14601060110390602"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2012.08.005"},{"key":"ref45","author":"dubberly","year":"2004","journal-title":"How do you design? A compendium of models"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01088.x"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.01.002"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0807-665"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010017"},{"key":"ref44","author":"creswell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research Design Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-016-9531-2"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09247961.pdf?arnumber=9247961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T12:30:00Z","timestamp":1697027400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9247961\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3035966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}