{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:29:24Z","timestamp":1777714164869,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya Research Grant","award":["GPF005D-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPF005D-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3036990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T21:20:39Z","timestamp":1604956839000},"page":"204612-204638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The Transition From Intelligent to Affective Tutoring System: A Review and Open Issues"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Asif","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5735-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul Fazmidar Mohd","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9945-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Soraya Binti Abdul","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mustaneer","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e22010012"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12895-5_3"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2016.1189346"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242840.3242867"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.10.003"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEAE.2014.17"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.03.003"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.07.037"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-019-01311-3"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057889"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"An intelligent tutoring system for teaching English grammar","volume":"2","author":"ghali","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Engineering Research"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.007"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMS.2014.21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159450.3159609"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.157"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.10.013"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1175554"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-018-0110-y"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12483"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISECon.2017.7910228"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04641-8"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207160.2019.1566535"},{"key":"ref146","first-page":"3951","article-title":"Affective personalization of a social robot tutor for children’s second language skills","author":"gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 30th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2019.06.005"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-190624"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.05.010"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2019.8756685"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-017-0062-8"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12278"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2017.2658569"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.21900"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119854031"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2037"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-016-9472-2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.01.005"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25159-2_58"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9224960"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2001.943850"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADSW.2018.8644555"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005756602380245"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-015-9440-z"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-016-0892-x"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103642"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117725764"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45153-4_36"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITCS.2016.7740368"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2714671"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.11.016"},{"key":"ref125","author":"ortony","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Cognitive Structure of Emotions"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-2015"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91464-0_26"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301299"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0162-z"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102423"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7771\/1541-5015.1712"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633116681301"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057270"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.10.020"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39583-8_51"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2556666"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2904400"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030522"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2016.0169"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117731872"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9010201"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2514422"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tee.22725"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-015-9385-6"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.11.016"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-015-9388-2"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-014-0629-7"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.038"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2018.2799871"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.10.064"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2876034.2893397"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2018.00156"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-016-9396-6"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCUBEA.2016.7860013"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperparameter optimization in CNN for learning-centered emotion recognition for intelligent tutoring systems","volume":"24","author":"cabada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.004"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.01.021"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.001"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766588"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x"},{"key":"ref144","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desktop vs Mobile Market Share Worldwide |StatCounter Global Stats"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12398","article-title":"Students’ perceived usefulness of computerized percentage-only vs. descriptive score reports: Associations with motivation and grades","volume":"36","author":"daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"12","article-title":"Scaffolding for success","volume":"9","author":"mckenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Technical Education"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696469"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.05.011"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-017-9881-y"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1648300"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.05.010"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0048-x"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2317187"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-169501"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00675"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring system model based on fuzzy logic and constraint-based student model","volume":"2","author":"karaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32063-4"},{"key":"ref91","author":"myers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Manual A guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator"},{"key":"ref104","author":"celiktutan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computational analysis of affect personality and engagement in human-robot interactions"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC-ScalCom-CBDCom-IoP-SmartWorld.2016.0064"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11564-1_5"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.09.052"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.02.074"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT4M.2014.7020611"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3702_4"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6641-x"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"75","article-title":"Motivational techniques of expert human tutors: Lessons for the design of computer-based tutors","volume":"1993","author":"lepper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput Cogn Tools"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1610450"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2017.2689017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103878"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12826"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1151","article-title":"An affective sensitive tutoring system for improving student’s engagement in CS","author":"agada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Future Technol Conf"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23207-8_14"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RITA.2018.2831760"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103649"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-018-0121-2"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EITT.2016.47"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.014"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDET.2018010106"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2015.53"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712317727590"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2017.137"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2018.02.005"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-018-0505-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9470-5"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.08.005"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2016.1175409"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2016.08.007"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-017-0524-1"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12256","article-title":"Teaching self-regulation strategies via an intelligent tutoring system (TuinLECweb): Effects for low-skilled comprehenders","volume":"34","author":"vidal-abarca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-013-1779-z"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068"},{"key":"ref89","author":"soloman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.6.1061"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938708408362"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-558701-3.50007-7"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9788-1"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22035"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"308","article-title":"I’m different; not dumb. Modes of presentation (VARK) in the tertiary classroom","volume":"18","author":"fleming","year":"1995","journal-title":"Research and Development in Higher Education Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Higher Education and Research Development Society of Australasi"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"674","article-title":"Learning and teaching styles in engineering education","volume":"78","author":"felder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eng Educ"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09252896.pdf?arnumber=9252896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T19:54:53Z","timestamp":1639770893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9252896\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":147,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3036990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}