{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:13:23Z","timestamp":1780506803476,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and MITACS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3039271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T23:33:59Z","timestamp":1605828839000},"page":"214945-214965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["A Survey of Machine Learning for Indoor Positioning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4214-696X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahasanun","family":"Nessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhagawat","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6306-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier N.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18489\/sacj.v29i3.452"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2019.8905238"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3215978"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308995"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2014.6843305"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533724"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2007.391"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-014-0428-4"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2018.2841831"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2870659"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2915047"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2750240"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903236"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40638-016-0055-x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533790"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743586"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2017.53"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2005.1498348"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2951036"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"260","article-title":"Localization algorithm based on maximum a posteriori in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sensor Netw"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2787594"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"574","article-title":"Enhanced weighted K-nearest neighbor algorithm for indoor Wi-Fi positioning systems","volume":"2","author":"shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Conf Comput Technol Inf Manage (ICCM)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.09.004"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218640"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.07.042"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2453421"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2013.6583833"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2011.6030722"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249321"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcns.2016.94007"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2017.68"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"A MAC layer protocol for smart indoor inventory management system","author":"moeini","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2010.1219.1225"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935225"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.07.042"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADSW.2014.7097784"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2015.7158147"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2019.1059"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071496"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/620248"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2866358"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2853745"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2256713"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2579879"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543592"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2018.2792538"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"4558","article-title":"ZiLoc: Energy efficient WiFi fingerprint-based localization with low-power radio","author":"niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Wireless Commun Netw Conf (WCNC)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2938893"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2879678"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4852-5"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430281"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2013.6817920"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2774103"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2980966"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/570964"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.12.045"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCCC.2015.265"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2018.2849942"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/545792"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2530761"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248827"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Practical and robust approach for a neural network based indoor positioning system using ultra wide band","author":"moeini","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.022112.120131"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2372341"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2853996"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-009-0124-z"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2851675"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2910314"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2015.7414026"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2011.5767590"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2883810"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2442956"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2867935"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348578"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"1006","article-title":"SmartSLAM&#x2014;An efficient smartphone indoor positioning system exploiting machine learning and opportunistic sensing","author":"faragher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2843325"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2011.6071916"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4700-7"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322241"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2729438"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC48633.2019.8996652"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3018325"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"246","article-title":"Wi-Fi based indoor localization: Application and comparison of machine learning algorithms","author":"sabanci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 23rd IEEE Int Seminar\/Workshop Direct Inverse Problems Electromagn Acoustic Wave Theory (DIPED)"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2008.4648042"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTMA50254.2020.00088"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"663","article-title":"Wi-Fi indoor localization based on k-means","author":"zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Audio Lang Image Process (ICALIP)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MACS.2018.8628462"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2330573"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2010.5646885"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2833029"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2003.1192765"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2731874"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2347691"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430171"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2019.8892183"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-2575-2.ch002"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system","author":"xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Symp Netw Syst Design Implementation (NSDI)"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Indoor positioning technologies","author":"mautz","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2016.7881071"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2012.072012.120428"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2874453"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2333006"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2018.00682"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2014.6900968"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2017.2787651"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.082218"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2712560"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078711000274"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2870659"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900799"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Enhancements to RSS based indoor tracking systems using Kalman filters","author":"g\u00fcvenc","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2017.8248389"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2006.1661382"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.175"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3016832"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2011.5779231"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7496.003.0003"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608698"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Indoor multipath mitigation","author":"dragnas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Indoor Positioning Indoor Navigat"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2015.7341044"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2014.6952928"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2612225"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051469"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2940368"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2999904"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2007.353628"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430191"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2775199"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"A WLAN fingerprinting based indoor localization technique","author":"jiang","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.042712.110035"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2010.100907"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2015.14"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"NLOS identification for indoor localization using random forest algorithm","author":"ramadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2008.4510352"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743685"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2015.7341172"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Location-aware computing: A neural network model for determining location in wireless LANs","author":"battiti","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTMA50254.2020.00088"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.12.028"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2933886"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"2154","article-title":"A robust method for indoor localization based on visible light communication","author":"shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 2nd IEEE Int Conf Comput Commun (ICCC)"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2871165"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6268797"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2019.8832393"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2545523"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"1666","article-title":"DeepFi: Deep learning for indoor fingerprinting using channel state information","author":"wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Wireless Commun Netw Conf (WCNC)"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903487"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2019.0320"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2017.8052885"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"229","article-title":"Wi-Fi positioning overview","volume":"7","author":"liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Commun Netw Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2006.1650667"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/8948470\/09264122.pdf?arnumber=9264122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T14:55:06Z","timestamp":1639752906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9264122\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":154,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3039271","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/21476622","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32920\/21476622.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}