{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:48:30Z","timestamp":1781282910932,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3048269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T21:06:11Z","timestamp":1609362371000},"page":"9365-9382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Semantically Modeling Cyber Influence Campaigns (CICs): Ontology Model and Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-5032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Campbell, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Campbell, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Reisslein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2891902"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6861-5_41"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990799"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Palestinian transnational advocacy network: A comparative analysis of the three most powerful network actors and their discursive practices on Twitter","author":"maistrelli","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2765363"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2987994"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMCIS48181.2019.8985194"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11030154"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2696558"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936404"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2019.8877001"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facebook Reports Third Quarter 2019 Results"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2019.2918245"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00051"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046408"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015"},{"key":"ref24","author":"kemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digital Trends 2020 Every Single Stat You Need to Know About the Internet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2004.10.005"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UBMK.2018.8566297"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"79","article-title":"The history of social media and its impact on business","volume":"16","author":"edosomwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1045\/december2000-weibel"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018&#x2013;2023) White Paper"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978010"},{"key":"ref59","author":"anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Code of the Street Decency Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815625949"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002717721392"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYCON.2016.7529429"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYCONUS.2017.8167503"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYCON.2016.7529430"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"151.1","article-title":"Modeling islamist extremist communications on social media using contextual dimensions: Religion, ideology, and hate","volume":"3","author":"kursuncu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2995619"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2019.03.012"},{"key":"ref4","author":"singer","year":"2018","journal-title":"LikeWar The Weaponization of Social Media"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-12-2012-0157"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-013-0489-0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510903332378"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3369780"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2785979"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326016"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983656"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"18","article-title":"Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis","volume":"18","author":"lazarsfeld","year":"1954","journal-title":"Freedom and Control in Modern Society"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2663407"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518527"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/269257"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2011.58"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2013.62"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMS.2014.15"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2888685"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615594620"},{"key":"ref72","author":"speckhard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bride of ISIS"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fatal attraction: Western muslimas and ISIS","volume":"9","author":"pere\u0161in","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspectives on Terrorism"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12115-017-0114-0"},{"key":"ref76","author":"galeotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"The &#x2018;Gerasimov Doctrine&#x2019; and Russian Non-Linear War"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662520935071"},{"key":"ref74","author":"tracker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ukraine crisis Timeline"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Inside the Russian troll factory: Zombies and a breakneck pace","author":"macfarquhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443716686672"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Where do trolls live. and who feeds them, Novaya Gazeta","author":"garmazhapova","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199730445.013.008"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413486800"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2016.1260694"},{"key":"ref63","author":"maheshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"India&#x2019;s February 2019 Strike Pakistani Territory A Jus ad Bellum Analysis"},{"key":"ref64","author":"philip","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inside Story of Attack on Balakot&#x2014;From IAF Officer Who Planned and Executed it"},{"key":"ref65","year":"2019","journal-title":"IAF Pilots in Balakot Air Strikes Say Op Was Over in 90 Seconds Families Didn&#x2019;t Even Know"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00358533.2020.1760499"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"ISIS: The use of social media","author":"durr","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref68","author":"anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cubs of the Caliphate The Systematic Recruitment Training and Use of Children in the Islamic State"},{"key":"ref2","author":"cadwalladr","year":"2018","journal-title":"I Created Steve Bannon&#x2019;s Psychological Warfare Tool Meet the Data War Whistleblower"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"57","article-title":"Islamic state after the fall of Mosul and Raqqa","volume":"10","author":"alkaff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Counter Terrorist Trends Analyses"},{"key":"ref1","author":"dhiraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"The 20 Top Most Used Social Networking Sites And Apps in The World 2019"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818717"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3514-7_55"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMAP.2014.23"},{"key":"ref94","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resource description framework (RDF)"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2917159"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-180193"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007004"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-190205"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899989"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3544233"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977424"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"43","article-title":"The LKIF core ontology of basic legal concepts","author":"hoekstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Legal Ontol Artif Intell Techn"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPCSI.2017.8392287"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCoS.2011.94"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2020","journal-title":"Twitter Hashtag Tracking"},{"key":"ref112","year":"2020","journal-title":"Twitter Stream Archive Team The Twitter Stream Grab"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052677"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2020","journal-title":"FOAF Vocabulary Specification 0 99 Namespace Document&#x2014;Paddington Edition"},{"key":"ref99","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semantically Interlinked Online Communities (SIOC) Project"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05324-6_22-1"},{"key":"ref97","year":"2020","journal-title":"Good Ontologies"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15035-8_87"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4424"},{"key":"ref12","author":"stengel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Wars How we Lost the Global Battle Against Disinformation and What We Can Do About it"},{"key":"ref13","author":"miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"To Win the Hearts and Minds The Combined Action Program During the Vietnam War"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"17","article-title":"What is military information power?","volume":"104","author":"schaner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marine Corps Gazette"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09557571.2019.1656600"},{"key":"ref118","year":"2020","journal-title":"WebVOWL"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274644.274677"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMIS.2016.7745329"},{"key":"ref117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protege A Free Open-source Ontology Editor and Framework for Building Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68504-3_15"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"The fake Americans Russia created to influence the election","author":"shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"369","article-title":"Exploring persuasive systems using comparative study between actual technologies","author":"sara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Big Data Smart Digit Environ"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"634","article-title":"Building semantic business Web services based on ontology","author":"kuang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Conf New Trends Inf Sci Serv Sci"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341161.3344379"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68504-3_3"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13527258.2019.1578989"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2020","journal-title":"Twitter Developers"},{"key":"ref113","year":"2020","journal-title":"TweetBinder (TB)"},{"key":"ref116","author":"fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Everything You Need to Know About the Ukraine Crisis"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Putin&#x2019;s new weapon in the Ukraine propaganda war: Internet trolls, Forbe","author":"gregory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forbes"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAS48451.2019.8938009"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-019-00433-2"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4825-3_11"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2020.103334"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2012.42"},{"key":"ref86","author":"bischof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semantic modelling of smart city data"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877685"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"74","article-title":"Semantic cyberthreat modelling","author":"bromander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc of STIDS"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09311246.pdf?arnumber=9311246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1705354086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9311246\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":123,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3048269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}