{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:15:35Z","timestamp":1776453335424,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3060863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T23:13:05Z","timestamp":1614035585000},"page":"32030-32052","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":493,"title":["The Role of AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data in Digital Twinning: A Systematic Literature Review, Challenges, and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Mazhar","family":"Rathore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2949-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Attique","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhirendra","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elmahdi","family":"Bentafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spiridon","family":"Bakiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2945397"},{"key":"ref172","author":"gulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep Learning with Keras"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654889"},{"key":"ref174","article-title":"OpenAI gym","author":"brockman","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1606 01540 [cs]"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278"},{"key":"ref175","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Benchmarking deep reinforcement learning for continuous control","author":"duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref168","author":"white","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hadoop The Definitive Guide"},{"key":"ref169","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning","author":"abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc of USENIX Symp on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2728010"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.02.022"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141"},{"key":"ref32","author":"foundation","year":"2008","journal-title":"Unified Architecture"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2014.2321011"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.09.081"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.05.007"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PC.2017.7976223"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Which Technologies is Jeti Considering?"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2010-8628"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.038"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2927312"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Creating an embedded digital twin: Monitor, understand and predict device health failure","volume":"4","author":"bacchiega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inn4mech-Mechatronics Ind"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01557-9"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0701-3"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning","author":"mnih","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv 1312 5602"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Technology area 12: Materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing road map","author":"piascik","year":"2010","journal-title":"NASA Office of the Chief Technologist"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.05.010"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-1617-6"},{"key":"ref50","author":"marchal","year":"2016","journal-title":"VPH The Ultimate Stage Before Your Own Medical Digital Twin"},{"key":"ref51","author":"copley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medical Technology Firms Develop &#x2018;Digital Twins&#x2019; for Personalized Health Care"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"X-ray tube bearing failure prediction using digital twin analytics","author":"nagesh","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Methods and systems for generating a patient digital twin","author":"zimmerman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref156","article-title":"Digital twin operation","author":"cox","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"Surgery digital twin","author":"peterson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref150","article-title":"Industrial safety monitoring configuration using a digital twin","author":"yates","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"Feature selection and feature synthesis methods for predictive modeling in a twinned physical system","author":"goldfarb","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Proactive vehicle maintenance scheduling based on digital twin simulations","author":"masuda","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Digital twin system for a cooling system","author":"shah","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref147","article-title":"Digital twin based management system and method and digital twin based fuel cell management system and method","author":"wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"Digital twin of twinned physical system","author":"hershey","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"Digital twins for energy efficient asset maintenance","author":"song","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resource awareness in unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted mobile-edge computing systems","author":"chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Veh Technol Conf (VTC Spring)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER.2019.00011"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128938"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909828"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4040090"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Simulation in clinical practice: First experience with Sim&Cure before implantation of flow diverter (pipeline) or web-device for the treatment of intracranial aneurysm","author":"holtmannspotter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc ABC\/WIN"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5973"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2019.8802162"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2800978"},{"key":"ref167","author":"bosch rexroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indramotion Mtx"},{"key":"ref166","article-title":"Fi-Ware: Core platform for future Internet applications","author":"glikson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc the 4th Annual Int'l Conf Systems and Storage"},{"key":"ref165","author":"bangsow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tecnomatix Plant Simulation"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.020"},{"key":"ref163","article-title":"Building system with digital twin based data ingestion and processing","author":"park","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref162","article-title":"Aircraft communications system with an operational digital twin","author":"yousif","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref161","article-title":"Sensor-based digital twin system for vehicular analysis","author":"shiraishi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Digital twin for vehicle risk evaluation","author":"shiraishi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2020","author":"cearley","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/154798"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101837"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998723"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"Contextual digital twin runtime environment","author":"deutsch","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793265"},{"key":"ref49","author":"scharff","year":"2019","journal-title":"From Digital Twin to Improved Patient Experience"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103130"},{"key":"ref157","article-title":"Examining a consistency between reference data of a production object and data of a digital twin of the production object","author":"fischer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref158","article-title":"Integrated digital twin for an industrial facility","author":"burd","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2018.2799963"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890566"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2938572"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2958874"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2829803"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2721922"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2345331"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2810226"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2016.2634625"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN41052.2019.8972267"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2019.0163"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101974"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928233"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4393-7"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.52552"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2942-7"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"391","article-title":"Digital twin framework and its application to power grid online analysis","volume":"5","author":"zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"CSEE J Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2018.2869458"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-012-0258-1"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2603007"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0911-3"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.02.005"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2006.9"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971576"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856691"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2963667"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSC.2018.8361339"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900587"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.019"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2999871"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3180"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475879","article-title":"An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression","volume":"46","author":"altman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Amer Statistician"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-018-0069-y"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3003734"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134678"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa.2018.5732"},{"key":"ref63","author":"lammers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opinion |Digital Twin Offers Huge Opportunities for Real Estate Life Cycle"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.114"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2018.8603600"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946515"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00092-2"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102049"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00101-4"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2019.2961650"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00102-3"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"To kill a centrifuge: A technical analysis of what stuxnet&#x2019;s creators tried to achieve","author":"langner","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-019-01500-0"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"grieves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digital Twin Manufacturing Excellence Through Virtual Factory Replication"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Triton actor TTP profile, custom attack tools, detections, and ATT&CK mapping","author":"miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"FireEye threat research blog"},{"key":"ref145","article-title":"Digital system and method for managing a wind farm having plurality of wind turbines coupled to power grid","author":"lund","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/5.9781624105654.0175.0200"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2011.2168604"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.105247"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2018.04.055"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101849"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318816992"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-1125-4"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cim.2020.0009"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_38"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.012"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.001"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IConAC.2019.8895095"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Prioritized experience replay","author":"schaul","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv 1511 05952"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning","author":"van hasselt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 13th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2424995"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2911594"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.05.045"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Deep learning enhanced digital twin for remote laser welding of aluminium structures","volume":"69","author":"franciosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP Ann Manuf Technol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112772"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Digital twin modeling method based on biomimicry for machining aerospace components","author":"liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2748-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering","author":"kitchenham","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1954824"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2017: A gartner trend insight report","volume":"23","author":"cearley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gartner"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2018","author":"cearley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gartner"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2020.106903"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2019","author":"cearley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gartner"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.170"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Dynamic Bayesian networks: Representation, inference and learning, dissertation","author":"murphy","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2014.10.007"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1818","article-title":"The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and US air force vehicles","author":"glaessgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Struct Struct Dyn Mater Conf 20th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adapt Struct Conf 14th AIAA"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119299"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05056-9"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1443229"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.123"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2020.111592"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101557"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2020.107076"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2020.03.028"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.6423"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957202"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3003723"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.106612"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107423"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0946-5"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2657006"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2015.11.009"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.04.008"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2804917"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09359733.pdf?arnumber=9359733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T17:41:17Z","timestamp":1724521277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9359733\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":175,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3060863","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}