{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:10:23Z","timestamp":1781154623618,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya Impact Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant","award":["IIRG003A, B, C-19IISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRG003A, B, C-19IISS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP055-2019A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP055-2019A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3072030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T19:42:26Z","timestamp":1617997346000},"page":"57243-57270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Internet of Drones Security and Privacy Issues: Taxonomy and Open Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2210-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muktar","family":"Yahuza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Yamani Idna","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-8965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail Bin","family":"Ahmedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainuddin Wahid Abdul","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6370-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarak","family":"Nandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noorzaily Mohamed","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPMC.2018.8713052"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT48636.2020.9061508"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875065"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2016.2645481"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2815"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.011"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875493"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2971645"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2612119"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102324"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761372"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2915270"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dronemap-a cloud-based architecture for the Internet-of-Drones","author":"qureshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Embedded Wireless Syst Netw"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025632"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819972-5.00011-2"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-1006-x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700390"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100218","article-title":"Security analysis of drones systems: Attacks, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"yaacoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet of the Things"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2019.8798162"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2888821"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2015.7158150"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2018.160145"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2019.100106"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W4-55-2015"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICInfA.2016.7831999"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Quadcopter control using android-based sensing","author":"bergkvist","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"A game of drones: Cyber security in UAVs","author":"dahlman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do drones have a realistic place in a pandemic fight for delivering medical supplies in healthcare systems problems","author":"euchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"36","article-title":"Classification of Drones","volume":"6","author":"mitka","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Engineering Research"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"77","article-title":"Remotely piloted innovation: Terrorism, drones and supportive technology","author":"rassler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification of unmanned aerial vehicle","author":"arjomandi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref52","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace"},{"key":"ref40","author":"craze","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Future of Drone Technology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2537208"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones1010002"},{"key":"ref6","author":"times","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Delivery Via Drones in CyberJaya by End of the Month"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Internet of drones (IoD): Threats, vulnerability, and security perspectives","author":"choudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1808 00203"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100187","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) and agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review","author":"boursianis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet of the Things"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2017.04.003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3015382"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2018.1538497"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Review of unmanned aircraft system (UAS)","volume":"2","author":"gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones): An introduction","author":"brooke-holland","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"6244","article-title":"Safety considerations for operation of different classes of UAVs in the NAS","author":"weibel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc AIAA 3rd &#x2018;Unmanned Unlimited&#x2019; Tech Conf Workshop Exhibit"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","author":"cavoukian","year":"0","journal-title":"Privacy and Drones Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2019.06.010"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14542","article-title":"Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones","volume":"521","author":"floreano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061671"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2019.8832890"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSFW.1994.315945"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008731.1008734"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-015-0094-2"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1989.0125"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"337","article-title":"Universally composable notions of key exchange and secure channels","author":"canetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Theory Appl Cryptograph Techn"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650"},{"key":"ref129","author":"mathuria","year":"1994","journal-title":"Some Remarks on the Logic of Gong Needham and Yahalom"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.11.004"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RISP.1990.63854"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2566117"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Threat modeling: A summary of available methods","author":"shevchenko","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/168588.168596"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3060420"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2898375.2898390"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"21","article-title":"Attack trees","volume":"24","author":"schneier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dr Dobb&#x2019;s J"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2016.5"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010062","article-title":"A traceable and privacy-preserving authentication for UAV communication control system","volume":"9","author":"chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.35.27395"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.12.005"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2019.8714161"},{"key":"ref62","author":"idris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wireless local area network (LAN) security guideline"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITU-WT.2016.7805730"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11120251"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2007.4460126"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/URAI.2016.7625728"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1506270.1506342"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325421.3329765"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"242","article-title":"Security threats against LTE networks: A survey","author":"vachhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Secur Comput Commun"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Classification of drones","volume":"6","author":"mitka","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Engineering Research"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7353711"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2015.7354604"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977817"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600799CM"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2911672"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2019.8802817"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"212","article-title":"Evaluation of dos attacks on commercial Wi-Fi-based UAVs","volume":"11","author":"vasconcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Commun Netw Inf Secur"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"System and method for identifying global navigation satellite system spoofing attacks on a protected vehicle","author":"zangvil","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3376897.3377866"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.I010023"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development of a safe CPS component: The hybrid parachute, a remote termination add-on improving safety of UAS","author":"ciarletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 8th Eur Congr Embedded Real Time Softw Syst"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"SoK&#x2013;security and privacy in the age of drones: Threats, challenges, solution mechanisms, and scientific gaps","author":"nassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1903 05155"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3376897.3379167"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2681698"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414045.3415937"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"881","article-title":"Rocking drones with intentional sound noise on gyroscopic sensors","author":"son","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 24th USENIX Secur Symp (USENIX Secur )"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2015.7152397"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSID.2018.97"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"IoD-crypt: A lightweight cryptographic framework for Internet of drones","author":"ozgur ozmen","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1904 06829"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON47517.2019.8992931"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.107044"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911526"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.09.013"},{"key":"ref10","author":"paddeu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New technology and automation in freight transport and handling systems"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2016.7577060"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.06.129","article-title":"The use of UAV&#x2019;s for search and rescue operations","volume":"192","author":"p\u00f3?ka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DESSERT.2018.8409160"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Cybersecurity and non-military UAVs (AKA drones)","author":"kovar","year":"0","journal-title":"Integriography J Broken Locks Ethics Comput Forensics"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Cybersecurity and drones","author":"thiobane","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70545-1_38","article-title":"The scyther tool: Verification, falsification, and analysis of security protocols","author":"cremers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Comput Aided Verification"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC47284.2019.8969732"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"171","article-title":"An enhanced two-factor authentication protocol for V2 V communication in VANETs","author":"nandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Int Conf Inf Sci Syst"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"1","article-title":"A security protocol animator tool for AVISPA","author":"glouche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc ARTIST2 Workshop Secur Specification Verification Embedded Syst"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Smart CCTVS for secure cities: Potentials and challenges","author":"rahman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947723"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Cybersecurity in drones","author":"mohan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Localization of cyber-physical systems: Privacy, security and efficiency","author":"abdelhafez","year":"0"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-2001-91-203"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2989456"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCETSTEA48365.2020.9119934"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"A deep learning-based blockchain mechanism for secure Internet of drones environment","author":"singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"1","article-title":"A stream position performance analysis model based on DDoS attack detection for cluster-based routing in VANET","author":"kolandaisamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humanized Comput"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"54","article-title":"Automatic verification of security protocols in the symbolic model: The verifier proverif","author":"blanchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foundations of Security Analysis and Design VII"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Group handover for drone-mounted base stations","author":"aydin","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2012 09221"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computers8030058"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSFW.1996.503690"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1113-54","article-title":"Hacking drones","volume":"309","author":"wesson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Amer"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45069-6_23"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02002-5_5"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of BAN-logic","volume":"19","author":"wessels","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMG Finance BV"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS.2019.8862148"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700916"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.12.004"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3001836"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09399464.pdf?arnumber=9399464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T18:00:37Z","timestamp":1643220037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9399464\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":132,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3072030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}