{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:08:50Z","timestamp":1785362930636,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["186218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["186218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3072849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T23:55:12Z","timestamp":1618358112000},"page":"61048-61073","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":437,"title":["A Survey on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir A.","family":"Khwaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Farooq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6636-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Khurram","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moataz A.","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houbing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Alshamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02195-0"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2020.012205"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure and efcient mutual authentication protocol for smart grid under blockchain","volume":"13","author":"wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netw"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58201-2_22"},{"key":"ref173","first-page":"1332","article-title":"BlockSLAP: Blockchain-based secure and lightweight authentication protocol for smart grid","author":"wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 19th Int Conf Trust Secur Privacy Comput Commun (TrustCom)"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2020.011554","article-title":"A covert communication method using special bitcoin addresses generated by vanitygen","volume":"65","author":"zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Mater Continua"},{"key":"ref168","first-page":"237","article-title":"On emerging family of elliptic curves to secure Internet of Things: ECC comes of age","volume":"14","author":"liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1558"},{"key":"ref39","author":"dunjic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Immutability Blessing or Curse?"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBOSE.2018.8327567"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding blockchain consensus models","volume":"2017","author":"baliga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Persistent"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"IoT and blockchain convergence: Benefits and challenges","volume":"10","author":"banafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE IoT Newslett"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-4079(15)60321-9"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15623\/ijret.2016.0509001","article-title":"Blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain using distributed ledger","volume":"5","author":"abeyratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Res Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CTS.2016.0082"},{"key":"ref36","author":"buterin","year":"2019","journal-title":"A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform"},{"key":"ref35","author":"bruce","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Mini-Blockchain Scheme Rev 3"},{"key":"ref34","author":"berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"How is Blockchain Verifiable by Public and Yet Anonymous?"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2852480"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082575"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2846810"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2016.7945805"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339"},{"key":"ref101","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investor Harvesting Proof-of-Importance"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779263"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2017.8171383"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S242486221850015X"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006078"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2989392"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007251"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2975999"},{"key":"ref150","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2020.0110462"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957660"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343147.3343169"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48000-7_29"},{"key":"ref148","author":"smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proof of Burn |Consensus Through Coin Destruction Article Published by Coin Central"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"114","article-title":"Understanding blockchain consensus models","volume":"2017","author":"baliga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Persistent"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2017.8038518"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMNET.2018.8621944"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Cryptocurrency exchanges are getting hacked because it’s easy","author":"russolillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wall Street J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2776459"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9756.1"},{"key":"ref54","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3085228.3085263"},{"key":"ref52","author":"massessi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Consensus and Fault Tolerance in a Nutshell"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.011791712"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2277471"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2406877"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EI247390.2019.9061928"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3002170"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.020"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102731"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983601"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2998479"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358790.358797"},{"key":"ref3","author":"schneier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Applied Cryptography Protocols Algorithms and Source Code in C"},{"key":"ref6","author":"bernstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Principles of Transaction Processing"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Method of providing digital signatures","author":"merkle","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030491"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2886932"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2017.4121227"},{"key":"ref7","author":"swan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blockchain Blueprint for a New Economy"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2926471"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2899617"},{"key":"ref46","author":"javed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Managing Data Traceability Impact and Benefits"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11888.1"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2018.8539529"},{"key":"ref47","author":"kasireddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"ELI5 What do we Mean by ‘Blockchains are Trustless’?"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2882794"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"436","article-title":"Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable","author":"eyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 18th Int Conf Financial Cryptogr Data Secur"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2016.07.001"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics2010002"},{"key":"ref127","year":"2009","journal-title":"How Do Cryptocurrencies Work?"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of cryptocurrency, bitcoin, and the future","volume":"1","author":"devries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Bus Manage Commerce"},{"key":"ref125","author":"narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"Cryptocurrencies outlook 2018. Stairway to heaven","author":"baumann","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref73","author":"evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Nodes An in Depth Guide"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.85"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.11.008"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSN.2018.8488289"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mfc.2018007"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2899617"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007788.3007790"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2013.22"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39498-0_7"},{"key":"ref74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Architecture"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"11","article-title":"The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries","author":"kroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 12th Workshop Econ Inf Secur (WEIS)"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799385"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.11.003"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2017.7917634"},{"key":"ref78","year":"2015","journal-title":"DIY Raspberry Pi Cryptocurrency Node"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.12.018"},{"key":"ref79","author":"hertig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hidden Blockchain Opportunities (2) Masternodes & Enterprise Blockchain Hosting"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2809426"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"A survey on the security of blockchain systems","author":"li","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1802 06993"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.34"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2018.8615409"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain & Internet of Things","author":"tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Service Syst Service Manage"},{"key":"ref61","author":"swan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blockchain Blueprint for a New Economy"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2017.8249088"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2017.111"},{"key":"ref140","author":"lia","year":"0"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.06.009"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2863956"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"112","article-title":"The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication","volume":"29","author":"vukolic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Open Problems Netw Secur"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89722-6_9"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69084-1_19"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2895123"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"Direct acyclic graph based blockchain for Internet of Things: Performance and security analysis","author":"li","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 10925"},{"key":"ref2","author":"anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Security Engineering A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2730843"},{"key":"ref145","author":"compare","year":"2019","journal-title":"What is Proof of Weight a Web Article Published by Coincodex"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"101","article-title":"A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications","author":"schollmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc 1st Int Conf Peer Peer Comput"},{"key":"ref109","year":"2019","journal-title":"OPEN Chain"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046"},{"key":"ref108","year":"2019","journal-title":"OPEN Chain Scalability Through Data Parallelization"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400278"},{"key":"ref107","author":"greenspan","year":"2019","journal-title":"MultiChain Private Blockchain"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Symp Operating Syst Design Implementation"},{"key":"ref106","year":"2019","journal-title":"TRON"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39878-3_19"},{"key":"ref105","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hyperledger Publications"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks","author":"wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1805 02707"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2019","journal-title":"An introduction to Hyperledger"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"On security analysis of proof-of-elapsed-time (poet)","author":"chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Stabilization Saf Secur Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref103","year":"2019","journal-title":"TRON Advanced Decentralized Blockchain Platform"},{"key":"ref102","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitalik Buterin"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the quorum blockchain platform","author":"baliga","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1809 03421"},{"key":"ref112","author":"popov","year":"2018","journal-title":"The tangle"},{"key":"ref110","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Quorum"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Delegated Byzantine fault tolerance: Technical details, challenges and perspectives","author":"igor","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007788.3007790"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref97","author":"larimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"DPOS Consensus Algorithm—The Missing White Paper"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870644"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2863956"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.020"},{"key":"ref118","author":"martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"5 Blocked Security Risks and How to Reduce Them"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"653","article-title":"A survey of blockchain security issues and challenges","volume":"19","author":"lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Netw Secur"},{"key":"ref82","author":"swan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blockchain Blueprint for a New Economy"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890507"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082575"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2685328.2685334"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.10016848"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/7239.7265"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2882658"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Blockchain technology a literature survey","volume":"5","author":"ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Res J Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45348-4_19"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exonum"},{"key":"ref113","author":"yanovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exonum Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for blockchains"},{"key":"ref116","author":"black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsoft and Intel Detail the Deep-Seated Problems With Blockchain"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/diss.2018.23010"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2019","journal-title":"6 Blockchain Frameworks to Build Enterprise Blockchain & How to Choose Them"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2787563"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"Ouroboros: A provably secure proof-of-stake Blockchain protocol","author":"kiayias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Cryptol Conf"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799205"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.140"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2882794"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref86","author":"davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pros and Cons of Hyperledger Fabric for Blockchain Networks"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2017.8014672"},{"key":"ref88","author":"vasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BlackCoin’s proof-of-stake protocol v2"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09402747.pdf?arnumber=9402747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T19:55:35Z","timestamp":1639770935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9402747\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":175,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3072849","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}