{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:26:27Z","timestamp":1774527987545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3074477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T04:39:28Z","timestamp":1618979968000},"page":"61577-61593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Three Lines of Defense for Wildfire Risk Management in Electric Power Grids: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6648-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Arab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Khodaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozhin","family":"Eskandarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rhc3.12187"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-015-0015-7"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07848-200334"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101655"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101354"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2018.1467312"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11040993"},{"key":"ref39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recommended Practice Improving Industrial Control System Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire2030047"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-17-0121.1"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2016.7741588"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0135-7"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF9930179"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/aba480"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-011-0462-z"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6d3a"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08088"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2015.02.006"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF11001"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Fireline production rates","author":"broyles","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2930055"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(03)00017-0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2930095"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06142"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06143"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"1","article-title":"An EMTP-based analysis of the switching shift angle effect during energization\/de-energization in the final ferroresonance state","author":"corea-araujo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Power System Transients (IPST)"},{"key":"ref26","author":"icove","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Fire Scene Reconstruction"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2884927"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06144"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1982.317214"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1982.317209"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2311465"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2358885"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2598802"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2429653"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.1768"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2197832"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2012-87950"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2925620"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2443119"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2605692"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2212468"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/28.585852"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.277718"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.329514"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.131113"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.53101"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.103666"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.193948"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.1987.4308114"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2013","journal-title":"IIA Position Paper The Three Lines of Defense in Effective Risk Management and Control"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9156-6"},{"key":"ref166","year":"2018","journal-title":"California State Senate Bill No 901 Chapter 626"},{"key":"ref165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hurricanes Harvey and Irma: Electric industry impacts, restoration, and cost recovery","volume":"57","author":"britt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrastructure"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108564540.015"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/grir.2012.4"},{"key":"ref162","first-page":"6","article-title":"Catastrophe bonds: An important new financial instrument","volume":"4","author":"edesess","year":"2014","journal-title":"CAIA Alternative Investment Analyst Review"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-0696(89)90010-7"},{"key":"ref160","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) Program"},{"key":"ref4","author":"penn","year":"2020","journal-title":"PG&E says wildfire victims back settlement in bankruptcy"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"CAL FIRE investigators determine cause of the camp fire","author":"mohler","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref6","author":"pickrell","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","author":"maddipatla","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"Financing third party wildfire damages: Options for California&#x2019;s electric utilities","author":"kousky","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"High impedance fault detection technology","author":"tengdin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118220"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.02.055"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8598-3_2"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2016.7727265"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2236680"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2018.8358681"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2571838"},{"key":"ref42","year":"1996","journal-title":"Defence-in-Depth in Nuclear Safety INSAG-10"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.02.020"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07123"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tactical Tools for Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2017.005817"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.05.035"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2009.2035128"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAPS.2009.5484082"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Cast-coil-transformer fire susceptibility and reliability study","author":"mcbride","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Powerline bushfire safety taskforce","author":"orton","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2018.0039"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF19084"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2733224"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112975"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Transformer explosion and fire prevention live tests on large transformers: Analysis and simulations","author":"perigaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc CIGRE Canada Conf Power Syst Tech Bus Challenges Next Gener Power Syst"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894141"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2009.5282154"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Method and device for prevention against explosion and fire of electrical transformers","author":"magnier","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CITCON.2000.848515"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/20426741111158421"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1220032"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/677\/4\/042029"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-7112(97)00050-7"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2020.106710"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2003.817818"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.05.016"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6039414"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2014.7007627"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-hurricane transmission network outage management","author":"arab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Great Lakes Symp Smart Grid New Energy Economy"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1109\/61.686968","article-title":"A novel technique for high impedance fault identification","volume":"13","author":"wai","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Del"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2388736"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2016.005492"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"868","article-title":"Field experience with high-impedance fault detection relays","author":"adamiak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc IEEE PES Transmiss Distrib Conf Exhib"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"1","article-title":"A framework for wide-area monitoring of tree-related high impedance faults in medium-voltage networks","volume":"13","author":"bahador","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electr Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2020.2984217"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2404215"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2193665"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2015.7436402"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2012.2224335"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2523545"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2339592"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2016.2575445"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2016.150057"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2899353"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718850115"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2690996"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422982"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3030050"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.05.020"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3020018"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/42.3.267","article-title":"Simulating wildfire containment with realistic tactics","volume":"42","author":"fried","year":"1996","journal-title":"Forest Sci"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"4964","article-title":"A real-time Web-based wildfire simulation system","author":"wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Ind Electron Soc Annu Conf (IECON)"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2014.6965820"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/109.5.274","article-title":"A real-time risk assessment tool supporting wildland fire decisionmaking","volume":"109","author":"calkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forestry"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2009.5424143"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"213","article-title":"An overview of FlamMap fire modeling capabilities","volume":"41","author":"finney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Fuels Manage -How Measure Success Conf"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-019-00085-4"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fire Fuel and Smoke Science Program USDI Bureau of Land Management"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-019-00084-5"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2737\/RMRS-RP-4"},{"key":"ref103","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wildland Fire Suppression Tactics Reference Guide"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Balancing wildfire risk and power outages through optimized power shut-offs","author":"rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2004 07156"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f10040311"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-019-00101-7"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing contingency fire containment strategies using simulated random scenarios","volume":"34","author":"wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natural Resource Model"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS)\/De-Energization"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aba135"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2019.8806107"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-03901-4"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab83a7"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2737\/RMRS-GTR-315"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.03.015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF02042"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2011.2125230"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF19069"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f10100884"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/4f959951cce2c"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2013.0627"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6498"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF15018"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CPRE.2012.6201220"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/challe6020282"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effects of tree mortality on power line security","volume":"29","author":"guggenmoos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Arboriculture"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2101311"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-019-00832-9"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2020","journal-title":"Right-of-Way (ROW) Maintenance"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3030043"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1020021"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF16135"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"225","article-title":"Power lines and catastrophic wildland fire in Southern California","author":"mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int Conf Fire Mater"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF19042"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2177240"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.11.016"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2823658"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2815988"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2987991"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-009-9422-5"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1385789"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-020-00426-z"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.139"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09409078.pdf?arnumber=9409078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T18:00:46Z","timestamp":1725472846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9409078\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":174,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3074477","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}