{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:15:28Z","timestamp":1766067328361,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3074950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T20:09:28Z","timestamp":1619122168000},"page":"63876-63904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Arabic Question Answering Systems: Gap Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4386-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Biltawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Tedmori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7067-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arafat","family":"Awajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijaia.2013.4105"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40802-1_12"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"8","article-title":"Factoid and definitional Arabic question answering system","author":"brini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Post NOOJ"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NLPKE.2009.5313730"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of the ArabiQA question answering system&#x2019;s components","author":"benajiba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Arabic Natural Lang Process 2nd Inf Commun Technol Int Symp (ICTIS)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118637.1118644"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"IDRAAQ: New Arabic question answering system based on query expansion and passage retrieval","author":"abouenour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc CLEF"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Arabic QA4MRE at CLEF 2012: Arabic question answering for machine reading evaluation","author":"trigui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc CLEF"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2011.652.661"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"40","article-title":"DefArabicQA: Arabic definition question answering system","author":"trigui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 7th Workshop Lang Resour Hum Lang Technol Semitic Lang (LREC)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAISC.2017.084216"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"478","article-title":"Arabic text question answering from an answer retrieval point of view: A survey","volume":"7","author":"sati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1460690.1460714"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/desi.2008.24.2.39"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"598","article-title":"Exploiting multilingual wikipedia to improve Arabic named entity resources","volume":"14","author":"biltawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Arab J Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"592","article-title":"Arabic tag sets: Review","author":"alian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc SAI Intell Syst Conf"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of Arabic question answering: Challenges, tasks, approaches, tools, and future trends","author":"ezzeldin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 13th Int Arab Conf Inf Technol (ACIT)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.05.009"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2016.05.002"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Researches and reviews in Arabic question answering: Principal approaches and systems with classification","author":"bakari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Arab Conf Inf Technol (ACIT)"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alkhalil morpho sys1: A morphosyntactic analysis system for Arabic texts","author":"boudlal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Arab Conf Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-014-1062-2"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.108"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web-based Arabic question answering system using machine learning approach","volume":"8","author":"ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of QA4MRE main task at CLEF 2013","author":"sutcliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc CLEF"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of QA4MRE at CLEF 2011: Question answering for machine reading evaluation","author":"pe\u00f1as","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc CLEF"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"The TREC 2002 Arabic\/English CLIR track","author":"oard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc TREC"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"78","article-title":"The TREC-2001 cross-language information retrieval track: Searching Arabic using English, French or Arabic queries","author":"gey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Text Retrieval Conf (TREC)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2019.101023"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4612"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"142","article-title":"Question answering system based on neural networks","volume":"6","author":"ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Engine Research"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006602901440154"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"AQuASys: A question-answering system for Arabic","author":"bekhti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc WSEAS Int Conf Recent Adv Comput Eng"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v6i1.1502"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13053\/cys-19-1-1962"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITECH.2017.8079930"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.089"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"321","article-title":"Literature review of Arabic question-answering: Modeling, generation, experimentation and performance analysis","author":"bakari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flexible Query Answering Systems"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2016.7571832"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.005"},{"journal-title":"Speech & language processing","year":"2017","author":"jurafsky","key":"ref9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIC.2014.7238319"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"187","article-title":"Developemnt and evaluation of a Web based question answering system for Arabic language","volume":"4","author":"kurdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Sci Inf Technol (CS IT) CCSEA"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"18","article-title":"Answer extraction for how and why questions in question answering systems","volume":"12","author":"ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Comput Eng Res"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Answer extraction for why Arabic questions answering systems: EWAQ","author":"al-khawaldeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 04149"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Handling, &#x2018;why&#x2019; questions in Arabic","author":"azmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Arabic Lang Process (CITALA)"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"641","article-title":"Enhanced Arabic question answering system","author":"kamal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Comput Intell Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOS.2014.7036699"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3607"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1621753.1621755"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-004-1917-3"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/165482.165488"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-017-9411-7"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1171"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2009.797.805"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICENCO.2013.6736481"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15384-6_62"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31178-9_52"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.467"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59569-6_46"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.08.140"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1147"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Large-scale simple question answering with memory networks","author":"bordes","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv 1506 02075"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Dataset and neural recurrent sequence labeling model for open-domain factoid question answering","author":"li","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1607 06275"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"S-net: From answer extraction to answer generation for machine reading comprehension","author":"tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1706 04815"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5817-2_6"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Question answering evaluation survey","author":"gillard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc LREC"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Generating factoid questions with recurrent neural networks: The 30M factoid question-answer corpus","author":"vlad serban","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1603 06807"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Evaluating multilingual question answering systems at CLEF","author":"forner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc CLEF"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934687"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-3003"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"9","article-title":"raBERT: Transformer-based model for Arabic language understanding","author":"baly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 4th Workshop Open-Source Arabic Corpora Process Tools With Shared Task Offensive Lang Detection"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.117"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBK.2019.00051"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052675"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K17-1028"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Bidirectional attention flow for machine comprehension","author":"seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1611 01603"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS130429023A"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1225733.1225739"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"73","article-title":"ScoQAS: A semantic-based closed and open domain question answering system","author":"latifi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-007-9065-0"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2607201"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2014.10.007"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTCS.2019.8923068"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30762\/jeels.v4i2.353"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486975"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards answering procedural questions","author":"aouladomar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IJCAI Workshop Knowl Reasoning Answering Questions"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1225753.1225759"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950049"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644879.1644881"},{"article-title":"Stemming Arabic text","year":"1999","author":"khoja","key":"ref81"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8545-7_1"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards building an open-domain corpus for Arabic reading comprehension","author":"biltawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 35th Int Bus Inf Manage Assoc (IBIMA)"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards building a frame-based ontology for the Arabic language","author":"biltawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc ACIT Int Arab Conf Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324917000304"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2988238"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"What works better for question answering: Stemming or morphological query expansion","author":"bilotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Inf Retr Question Answering (IR4QA) Workshop SIGIR"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2184356"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2184637"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2185409"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.381"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09410528.pdf?arnumber=9410528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:48:11Z","timestamp":1662670091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9410528\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":103,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3074950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2169-3536"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}