{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:03:08Z","timestamp":1784077388119,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3075573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T21:20:44Z","timestamp":1619472044000},"page":"65771-65802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Fake Reviews Detection: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Mohawesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0597-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuxiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son N.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ollington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4403-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaser","family":"Jararweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumbal","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes","author":"wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 28th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3186930"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741085"},{"key":"ref174","first-page":"2428","article-title":"Combination of convolutional and recurrent neural network for sentiment analysis of short texts","author":"wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 26th Int Conf Comput Linguistics Tech Papers (COLING)"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2019.2952908"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1174"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Character-level convolutional networks for text classification","author":"zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv 1509 01626"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: Smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter","author":"sanh","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1910 01108"},{"key":"ref177","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1810 04805"},{"key":"ref168","first-page":"809","article-title":"A three-way model for collective learning on multi-relational data","volume":"11","author":"nickel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc ICML"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"Feature weight tuning for recursive neural networks","author":"li","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1412 3714"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECDS.2017.8389522"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.04.020"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Opinion annotation in on-line Chinese product reviews","volume":"8","author":"xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"LREC"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-019-00763-y"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on opinion spam detection methods","volume":"8","author":"aslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sci Technol Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.07.005"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.03.007"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18590-9_38"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA\/IUCC.2017.00195"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Aspect-based opinion extraction from customer reviews","author":"samha","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1404 1982"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346922"},{"key":"ref180","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence: A systematic review","author":"vilone","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2006 00093"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.05.022"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026988891300043X"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Anomaly detection using one-class neural networks","author":"chalapathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1802 06360"},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"188","article-title":"A survey of recent trends in one class classification","author":"khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Irish Conf Artif Intell Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref187","first-page":"1423","article-title":"DecOp: A multilingual and multi-domain corpus for detecting deception in typed text","author":"capuozzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 12th Lang Resour Eval Conf"},{"key":"ref186","article-title":"Unsupervised domain adaptation by backpropagation","author":"ganin","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1409 7495"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96133-0_15"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.10.080"},{"key":"ref179","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach","author":"liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 11692"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2409-2"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00656ED1V01Y201507HLT029"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1034"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00416ED1V01Y201204HLT016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234781.3234794"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2018.8777594"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2013.10.002"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3336191.3371874"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1147"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.03.063"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10070243"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114318"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.01.015"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Research of deceptive opinion spam recognition based on deep learning","author":"jing","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref156","article-title":"Classification of Twitter spam based on profile and message model using Svm","author":"asadullah","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.06.040"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2011.124"},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Natural language processing (almost) from scratch","volume":"12","author":"collobert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"45","article-title":"Sparse quasi-Newton optimization for semi-supervised support vector machines","volume":"1","author":"gieseke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc ICPR"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Self-adaptive hierarchical sentence model","author":"zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv 1504 05070"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"387","article-title":"Partially supervised classification of text documents","volume":"2","author":"liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc ICML"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"200","article-title":"Transductive inference for text classification using support vector machines","volume":"99","author":"joachims","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc ICML"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"A convex formulation for learning task relationships in multi-task learning","author":"zhang","year":"0"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114585"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09697-5"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2019.00188"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16148-4_18"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102381"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1014052.1014073"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-754-1_2"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.03.022"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDWM.2015070105"},{"key":"ref167","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","author":"goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905015"},{"key":"ref165","first-page":"142","article-title":"Learning word vectors for sentiment analysis","volume":"1","author":"maas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 49th Annu Meeting Assoc Comput Linguistics Hum Lang Technol"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1145\/3194658.3194677","article-title":"Aspect-based sentiment analysis of drug reviews applying cross-domain and cross-data learning","author":"gr\u00e4\u00dfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Digit Health"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Identifying manipulated offerings on review portals","author":"li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref162","first-page":"215","article-title":"Context-sensitive Twitter sentiment classification using neural network","author":"ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 13th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"338","article-title":"Detecting deceptive opinions with profile compatibility","author":"feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Joint Conf Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recurrent convolutional neural networks for text classification","author":"lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 29th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341560"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"140","article-title":"Deceptive opinion spam detection using neural network","author":"ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 26th Int Conf Comput Linguistics Tech Papers (COLING)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25816-4_32"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.03.020"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"2787","article-title":"Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data","author":"bordes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Fake review detection: Classification and analysis of real and pseudo reviews","author":"mukherjee","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ic-ETITE47903.2020.063"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00022"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007901"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054233"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"639","article-title":"Deceptive reviews detection based on positive and unlabeled learning","volume":"52","author":"yafeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Comput Res Develop"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102140"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2018.10765"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.74.2.133"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jm.11.0011"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISKE.2017.8258755"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23281-8_7"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8852437"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2018.8508314"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2414920"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.04.008"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2762588"},{"key":"ref124","first-page":"313","article-title":"Deceptive reviews detection based on language structure and sentiment polarity","volume":"8","author":"ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Frontiers Comput Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-015-0029-9"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783370"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2005.09.007"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.11.028"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.02.021"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Using deep networks and transfer learning to address disinformation","author":"dhamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 10412"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1083"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MilCIS.2019.8930732"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"309","article-title":"Finding deceptive opinion spam by any stretch of the imagination","volume":"1","author":"ott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 49th Annu Meeting Assoc Comput Linguistics Human Lang Technol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908495"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"866","article-title":"Detecting deceptive review spam via attention-based neural networks","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Nat CCF Conf Natural Lang Process Chin Comput"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.04.055"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.09.036"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3361758.3361763"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806551"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.12.034"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.03.002"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Sparse additive generative models of text","author":"eisenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 28th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-014-0105-y"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-2072"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.74"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2021.113513"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98932-7_13"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Unsupervised domain adaptation by backpropagation","author":"ganin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028588"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2020.113280"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.044"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-2909"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113465"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1667583.1667679"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3051174"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313647"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1233"},{"key":"ref143","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Annual Meeting of the Assoc Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.107023"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68765-0_9"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of Things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"da xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Informat"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113517"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1401890.1401920"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.04.074"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Bilingual word embeddings for phrase-based machine translation","author":"zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2020-0013"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"1137","article-title":"A neural probabilistic language model","volume":"3","author":"bengio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.05.084"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2013.6920707"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1055"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-006-9066-4"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871557"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"669","article-title":"An exploration of off topic conversation","author":"cade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Annu Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187863"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2349"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"An approach for detecting spam in arabic opinion reviews","author":"abu hammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Approach for Detecting Spam in Arabic Opinion Reviews"},{"key":"ref103","author":"biber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004334113_020"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1032"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361219.361220"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1067"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"5120","article-title":"Finding rotten eggs: A review spam detection model using diverse feature sets","volume":"12","author":"akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"KSII Trans Internet Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"497","article-title":"Negative deceptive opinion spam","author":"ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Linguistics Hum Lang Technol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.03.040"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"1","article-title":"What yelp fake review filter might be doing?","author":"mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Social Media"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070710.2070716"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.12.029"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2567948.2577293"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1187"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1884","article-title":"An attribute enhanced domain adaptive model for cold-start spam review detection","author":"you","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 27th Int Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPIS.2017.8311593"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Bag of tricks for efficient text classification","author":"joulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1607 01759"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Towards accurate deceptive opinion spam detection based on word order-preserving CNN","author":"zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1711 09181"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12733\/jics20105452"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"238","article-title":"Don’t count, predict! A systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors","volume":"1","author":"baroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Annual Meeting of the Assoc Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-016-0927-y"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052582"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/ijcis.2019.125905655"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning to identify review spam","author":"li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 22nd Int Joint Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Distributed representations of sentences and documents","author":"le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"311","article-title":"Opinion mining and sentiment analysis","volume":"35","author":"pang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput Linguist"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487575.2487580"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390177"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2014.47"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1176"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419604.3419773"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1030"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939754"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Word embeddings: A survey","author":"almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1901 09069"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"171","article-title":"Syntactic stylometry for deception detection","volume":"2","author":"feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Annual Meeting of the Assoc Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242759"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploiting burstiness in reviews for review spammer detection","author":"fei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Social Media"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.5"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Exponential distribution model for review spam detection","volume":"8","author":"algur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Sci"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09416474.pdf?arnumber=9416474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:07:43Z","timestamp":1662667663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9416474\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":187,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3075573","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}