{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1777654848455,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-992-073-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-992-073-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3081430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T21:24:42Z","timestamp":1621286682000},"page":"75568-75587","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Future Greener Seaports: A Review of New Infrastructure, Challenges, and Energy Efficiency Measures"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5093-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Syed Wajahat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9829-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacine","family":"Terriche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umair","family":"Mutarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Alrayah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1221-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Yin","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Lien","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5236-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep M.","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref168","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mobility Energy and Parking Dynniq is a Dynamic High-Tech and Innovative Company"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.12.006"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seven Practical Challenges for Port Authorities and Terminal Operators"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Port of Antwerp Takes Step Towards Methanol Hydrogen Bunkers |S&P Global Platts"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon-Neutral Port of Helsinki 2035 Manifestation"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Port of Hamburg|New Climate Plan and Climate Protection Law for Hamburg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2015.09.002"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management of Environmental Impacts"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2020","journal-title":"Four Baltic Sea Ports Signed a Memorandum of Understanding and Set a Common Approach for the New on-Shore Power Supply for Vessels"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Northwest Ports Achievements in Reducing Emissions and Improving Performance"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management of Environmental Impacts"},{"key":"ref28","author":"blackman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Ports Seven Practical Challenges for Port Authorities and Terminal Operators-Article"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innovative Power Distribution for Ports and Harbors"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Ports Competitive Cities Global Center of Competence Cities-Urban Development"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990961"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.07.007"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS.2018.00234"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.05.003"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2014.891162"},{"key":"ref101","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wireless charging"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.04.009"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.07.051"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11184952"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2013.2253619"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2019.1696535"},{"key":"ref154","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tianjin Port Builds a Next-Generation Smart and Green Port with 5G AI and Big Data—C114"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42524-019-0053-0"},{"key":"ref156","year":"2020","journal-title":"Supply Chain Business Port of Los Angeles"},{"key":"ref155","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuas Port Set to be World’s Largest Fully Automated Terminal Singapore News & Top Stories—The Straits Times"},{"key":"ref150","year":"2020","journal-title":"DanFoss Powers up the World’s Strongest Electric Ferry |DanFoss"},{"key":"ref152","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ports of The Future-Smart and Green Ports—27 Advisory"},{"key":"ref151","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Motorship Battery Hybrid Power for Double-Ender"},{"key":"ref146","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vision of the Fjords—Marine References |ABB"},{"key":"ref147","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Elektra Finland’s First Hybrid-Electric Ferry—Ship Technology Global"},{"key":"ref148","year":"2020","journal-title":"Color Hybrid ferry (COLOR LINE)"},{"key":"ref149","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ellen Denmark’s First Electric Ferry"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Port Perspectives Marseille 5G Blockchain and a Digital Map for Tight Ships"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Seven practical challenges for port authorities and terminal operators","author":"blackman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122333"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072558"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.10.008"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.10.001"},{"key":"ref53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hamburger Hafen Energy Cooperation Port of Hamburg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/67\/1\/012020"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Energy supply to ports and shipping trainmos II","author":"almaz\u00e1n","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref167","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mosaic Factor |Home"},{"key":"ref166","year":"2020","journal-title":"Capacity With a Positive Environmental and Societal Footprint Ports in the Future Era"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2993411"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21622\/resd.2016.02.2.091"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31217\/p.31.1.3"},{"key":"ref162","year":"2020","journal-title":"Where Digital Transformation Sets Sail The Five Smartest Ports in the World—Enterprise IoT Insights"},{"key":"ref161","year":"2020","journal-title":"Barcelona a Smart Port That is Constantly Innovating"},{"key":"ref160","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovation in the area—Le Havre Smart Port City"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.04.069"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2014.932926"},{"key":"ref6","author":"balbaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Energy Seaport Suggestion for Sustainable Development in Damietta Port Egypt"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7020033"},{"key":"ref159","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Port—The Intelligent Port"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"ESPO environmental report 2020 EcoPortsinSights 2020","author":"roman","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2018.2793478"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.940290"},{"key":"ref157","article-title":"Shore power technology assessment at U.S. ports","author":"epa","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref158","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Port Port of Antwerp"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Port Emissions Toolkit Guide No 2 Development of Port Emissions Reduction Strategies"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.04.013"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2012.2185072"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2019.1688876"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-014-0074-9"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Ports Competitive Cities—Siemens Smart Ports Competitive Cities"},{"key":"ref41","year":"0","journal-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Ships in Ports—Case Studies in Four Continents"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031481"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2013.6505723"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.201"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.064"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"185","article-title":"Microgrid: A review","author":"singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Global Humanitarian Technol Conf South Asia Satellite"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.258"},{"key":"ref73","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainable Power Supply for Eco-Friendly Ports Shore Connection Power Supply System for Ships"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94580-4_31"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2950538"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2761438"},{"key":"ref128","author":"bintiahamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integration of Microgrid Technologies in Future Seaports"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2762001"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.10.054"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.2014.6978475"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.09.002"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2013.03.009"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-003-0157-z"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114022"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716295541001010"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271376"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-007-0100-9"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.003"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2013.04.002"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.002"},{"key":"ref135","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"65","author":"lalla-ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Sustainability in Ports Sustainable Transportation and Smart Logistics"},{"key":"ref137","author":"tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"A Roadmap Towards Smart Grid Enabled Harbour Terminals"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seven Ways Seaports are Adapting to Modern Challenges"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"15","article-title":"Sustainability practices to achieve sustainability in international port operations","volume":"30","author":"kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Korea Port Economic Association"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Green ports and green shipping: Singapore’s contribution","author":"at w o forum","year":"0"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00028-0"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"11","article-title":"World ports sustainability report 2020","author":"verhoeven","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","author":"san pedro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Port of Los Angeles to Develop Energy Management Action Plan"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13020317"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2549-03"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2020.3005699"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Port of Felixstowe committed to protecting the environment","author":"cheng","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122354"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bmc.2015.0008"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12193721"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"German experience regarding the implantation of ISO 50001 and its results","author":"borst","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref144","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caledonian Maritime Assets Ltd MV Hallaig"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study 2020"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2706091"},{"key":"ref145","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Electrical Grid"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Maritime Transport 2019"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2006.08.003"},{"key":"ref95","year":"2020","journal-title":"Siemens Builds Germany’s Largest ‘Power Outlet’ for Ships for Port of Kiel"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.12.030"},{"key":"ref94","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shore-to-Ship Power Converters"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"10","article-title":"Energy consumption and container terminal efficiency","volume":"329","author":"wilmsmeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"FAL Bulletin"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2020","journal-title":"What is Alternate Marine Power (AMP) or Cold Ironing?"},{"key":"ref106","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Port Emissions Free Lithium-Ion Lift Truck Launches"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2910781"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"5","article-title":"Hybrid power-train for port crane energy recovery","author":"zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Expo Transp Electrific Asia–Pacific (ITEC Asia–Pacific)"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.02.004"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2632202"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00550-020-00497-y"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110145"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.09.001"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Automated container terminal C","author":"hague","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc ITSC"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.03.014"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2014.09.003"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2020","journal-title":"ABB Provides Innovative Shore Power Solution for Ships in the Netherlands"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"180","article-title":"Shore-side power supply","author":"ericsson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/mel.2014.6"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.10.007"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Renewables and energy efficiency for maritime ports","year":"2019","journal-title":"PIANC"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon Foot-Printing for Ports Guidance Document World Port Climate Initiative"},{"key":"ref12","year":"0","journal-title":"Tool Box for Greenhouse Gases IAPH International Association of Ports and Harbors"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.04.037"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy consumption and energy efficiency indicators in container terminals—A national inventory","author":"spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IAME"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.880260"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.07.010"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LOGISTIQUA.2018.8428264"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111508"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.06.006"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137514295_8","article-title":"Developing the fifth generation ports model","author":"lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dynamic Shipping and Port Development in the Globalized Economy"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2017.1411066"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03088830902861144"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.08.012"},{"key":"ref119","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maritime Terminals |INFORM GmbH"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"The evolution of sea transport: 4th generation ports","year":"2012","journal-title":"ATTCE Barcelona"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2017","journal-title":"San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan 2017 Final"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.09.014"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7053962"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2016.04.006"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.057"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2010.05.008"},{"key":"ref120","year":"2021","journal-title":"Container Terminal Automation"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.11.003"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41072-018-0029-y"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2016.2645514"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.056"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.11.023"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-009-0299-1"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/mel.2015.3"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2020","journal-title":"Connected Ports Driving Future Trade"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09433559.pdf?arnumber=9433559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T01:23:27Z","timestamp":1725067407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9433559\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":168,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3081430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}