{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:50:01Z","timestamp":1778860201558,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"name":"Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research, Science and the Arts"},{"name":"National Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity ATHENE"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3085835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T22:09:50Z","timestamp":1622758190000},"page":"83376-83393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Deep Face Age Progression: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Grimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Ramachandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204298"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.015"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70228-0"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-10-840"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372011"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195068290.003.0015","article-title":"Morphological indicators of skeletal aging: Implications for paleodemography and paleogerontology","author":"loth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biological Anthropology and Aging Perspectives on Human Variation Over the Life Span"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0356"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2649-z"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.581657"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2009.7"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"AgingMapGAN (AMGAN): High-resolution controllable face aging with spatially-aware conditional GANs","author":"despois","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2008 10960"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00926"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.261"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","author":"goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.463"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"3349","article-title":"Age progression in human faces: A survey","volume":"15","author":"ramanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis Lang Comput"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.36","article-title":"Age synthesis and estimation via faces: A survey","volume":"32","author":"fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors","author":"hinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"arXiv 1207 0580"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"High resolution face age editing","author":"yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2005 04410"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"RoutingGAN: Routing age progression and regression with disentangled learning","author":"huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2102 00601"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58539-6_44"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Personalized and occupational-aware age progression by generative adversarial networks","author":"zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1711 09368"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00282"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"ESRGAN: Enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial networks","author":"wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis Workshops"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07473-1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702303"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"How old are you? Face age translation with identity preservation using GANs","author":"wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1909 04988"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2018.8721435"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682965"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2018.8646447"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.41"},{"key":"ref40","author":"abel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methodik Genetik der Gesamtperson Zweiter Band"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Council Regulation (EU) No 2226\/2017 Establishing An Entry\/Exit System (EES)"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Smart borders: EU entry\/exit system","author":"orav","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Study on face identification technology for its implementation in the Schengen information system","author":"galbally","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Council Document (EU) 52011dc0680 Smart Borders"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Visa Information System (VIS)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.08.021"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Council Regulation (EU) No 1862\/2018 Establishment Operation and Use of the Schengen Information System (SIS)"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Council Regulation (EU) No 767\/2008 Concerning the Visa Information System (VIS)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00410"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01215"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00015"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Conditional generative adversarial nets","author":"mirza","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1411 1784"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comments on facial aging in law enforcement investigation","volume":"2","author":"taister","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Commun"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2803166"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.632"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.78"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10599-4_49"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01287"},{"key":"ref124","first-page":"1","article-title":"LightFace: A hybrid deep face recognition framework","author":"serengil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Innov Intell Syst Appl Conf"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00011"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Facial aging and rejuvenation by conditional multi-adversarial autoencoder with ordinal regression","author":"zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1804 02740"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.425"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296650"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993553"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2017.80"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3123431"},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Faces Real-Life Images Detection Alignment Recognit"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386"},{"key":"ref133","article-title":"Cross-age LFW: A database for studying cross-age face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1708 08197"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.622"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870150"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00280"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2018.8545119"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.105"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.250"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206543"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771372"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2020.2992344"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"700","article-title":"Unsupervised image-to-image translation networks","author":"liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.403"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00917"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01449-0_26"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3047753"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1991.139758"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247876"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2018.8546268"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2980792"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Council Regulation (EU) No 817\/2019 Establishing a Framework for Interoperability Between EU Information Systems"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref109","author":"bazin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skin Aging Atlas Face Body"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.86"},{"key":"ref108","author":"bazin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skin Aging Atlas Indian Type"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR49039.2020.00071"},{"key":"ref107","author":"bazin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skin Aging Atlas African-American Type"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040603"},{"key":"ref106","author":"bazin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skin Aging Atlas Asian Type"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5792"},{"key":"ref105","author":"bazin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skin Aging Atlas Caucasian Type"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.167"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00953"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Controllable face aging","author":"zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1912 09694"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Only a matter of style: Age transformation using a style-based regression model","author":"alaluf","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2102 02754"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB2018.2018.00042"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB45273.2019.8987410"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2018.00076"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054553"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10442-2"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2975921"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Age-oriented face synthesis with conditional discriminator pool and adversarial triplet loss","author":"wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2007 00792"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298682"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2420374"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Face Recognition Vendor Test (FVRT) Part 3 Demographic Effects"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.39","article-title":"A compositional and dynamic model for face aging","volume":"32","author":"suo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2705122"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1409 1556"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877706"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.452"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Enhance gender and identity preservation in face aging simulation for infants and toddlers","author":"xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2011 07431"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/125"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.12.015"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Age progression and regression with spatial attention modules","author":"li","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1903 02133"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.426"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2833032"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPBDIS.2019.8735477"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00828"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00552"},{"key":"ref113","article-title":"Finding missing children: Aging deep face features","author":"deb","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1911 07538"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"10540","article-title":"Identifying missing children: Face age-progression via deep feature aging","author":"deb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTMA.2018.00060"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"ChildFace: Gender aware child face aging","author":"chandaliya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Biometrics Special Interest Group"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"How are attributes expressed in face DCNNs?","author":"dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1910 05657"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8851753"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0111-7"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"6626","article-title":"GANs trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local Nash equilibrium","author":"heusel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10020069"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2907973"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2019.12.02"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2930985"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09446061.pdf?arnumber=9446061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T05:30:23Z","timestamp":1725168623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9446061\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":138,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3085835","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}