{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:41:35Z","timestamp":1780418495307,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry Science Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-90035-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-90035-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Community Region of Madrid, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S2018\/EMT-4362 SEGVAUTO4.0-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/EMT-4362 SEGVAUTO4.0-CM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"Community Region of Castilla la Mancha, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CLM18-PIC-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLM18-PIC-051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3104340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T20:03:59Z","timestamp":1628798639000},"page":"116338-116355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Are We Ready for Accurate and Unbiased Fine-Grained Vehicle Classification in Realistic Environments?"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector Corrales","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6644-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia Hernandez","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio Parra","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Nebot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fernandez-Llorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.06.108"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"C4.5, class imbalance, and cost sensitivity: Why under-sampling beats over-sampling","volume":"11","author":"drummond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc ICML Workshop Learn Imbalanced Datasets"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020596"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2895651"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2305062"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24958-7_85"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2015.7256954"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1322","article-title":"ADASYN: Adaptive synthetic sampling approach for imbalanced learning","author":"he","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Joint Conf Neural Netw IEEE World Congr Comput Intell"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSE.2009.756"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553380"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2679114"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Beyond fine tuning: A modular approach to learning on small data","author":"anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1611 01714"},{"key":"ref29","author":"liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Monza image classification of vehicle make and model using convolutional neural networks and transfer learning"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.238"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010307"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2648498"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"664","article-title":"Fine-grained vehicle classification with unsupervised parts co-occurrence learning","author":"elkerdawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis (ECCV) Workshops"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2018.8545375"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3055617"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58565-5_10"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10593-2_31"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2014.6836087"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","volume":"abs 1409 1556","author":"simonyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90058-4"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"366","article-title":"Deep fully convolutional networks with random data augmentation for enhanced generalization in road detection","author":"mu\u00f1oz-bulnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 20th Int Conf Intell Transp Syst (ITSC)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877890"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"6105","article-title":"EfficientNet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","author":"tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.634"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917433"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2799228"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.05.006"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-012-0414-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2014.6958187"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIAMIS.2009.5031451"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2013.6728559"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.170"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299194"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2620495"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.476"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2016.7553002"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.328"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299023"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.77"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3027451"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.121"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45096-0_13"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2732482","article-title":"Cost-sensitive learning of deep feature representations from imbalanced data","volume":"29","author":"khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"983","article-title":"A comparative study of cost-sensitive boosting algorithms","author":"ting","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc 17th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00949"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"4334","article-title":"Learning to reweight examples for robust deep learning","author":"ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2914680","article-title":"Deep imbalanced learning for face recognition and attribute prediction","volume":"42","author":"huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.580"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"7032","article-title":"Learning to model the tail","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 31st Int Conf Neural Inf Process Syst"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09512095.pdf?arnumber=9512095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T10:35:46Z","timestamp":1725618946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9512095\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3104340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}