{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1777979701929,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004055","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DF201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DF201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3105378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T20:46:11Z","timestamp":1629233171000},"page":"116163-116182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Electricity Generation in Saudi Arabia: Tracing Opportunities and Challenges to Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3624-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Masiur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad Saleh Mohammed","family":"Al-Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Md. Ershadul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Shafiullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rashidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Md. Tareq","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aviation Safety and Accident Investigation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University (BSMRAAU), Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8505-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Shafiul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Shaikh Abdur","family":"Razzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum &#x0026; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0657-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid Ahsan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grantham Institute&#x2014;Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrical System and Losses"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data and Statistics"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Arabia National Renewable Energy Program"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fadhili Plant Cogeneration Company (FPCC)"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual report 2019"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.047"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emissions in Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Combined heat and power (CHP) policy review for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia volume I: Final report prepared for the electricity and co-generation regulatory authority prepared by","volume":"1","author":"weiss","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref35","author":"zafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Combined heat and power systems"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.102","article-title":"Decomposition based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for PV\/wind\/diesel hybrid microgrid system design considering load uncertainty","volume":"7","author":"bouchekara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.056"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123374"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.12.003"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Historical Data"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.12.031"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2016.10.003"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.071"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.10.003"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Technical regulation for building materials Part&#x2014;5: Pipes used in water, electricity and gas networks","author":"standards","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101821"},{"key":"ref100","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regulatory Framework for Small-Scale Solar PV Systems"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112755"},{"key":"ref50","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Red Sea Project a 100% Renewable Energy Luxury Resort in Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renewable Energy Invest Saudi"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143529"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102047"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102252"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072669"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.1773"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-9063-9-2"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092351"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-018-0146-3"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)60002-9"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.02.030"},{"key":"ref149","author":"aramco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon Capture Utilization & Storage"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indicators of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2015.06.031"},{"key":"ref57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Statistical Profiles-Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renewable energy statistics 2019"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12010119"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.017"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings7020046"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2021","journal-title":"Customers and Energy Sales"},{"key":"ref166","author":"larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"World&#x2019;s largest internal combustion engine power plant inaugurated"},{"key":"ref165","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experts in Waste Heat to Power Equipment"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.10.123"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community microgrid energy scheduling based on grey wolf optimization algorithm","author":"shafiullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence-based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMECT.2019.8932147"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/48204"},{"key":"ref160","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pumped Hydro"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.087"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119592"},{"key":"ref6","author":"ritchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electricity mix Our World in Data"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.268"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-018-3284-1"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Climate Transparency Report 2020"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy and the Future"},{"key":"ref7","author":"fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chart of the day These countries create most of the world&#x2019;s CO2 emissions"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101487"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102293"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111796"},{"key":"ref46","author":"walton","year":"2021","journal-title":"First Energy Duke Challenge Sierra Club Claims of Greenwashing on Climate Goals Utility Dive"},{"key":"ref45","author":"bowman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Projects that renewables will provide nearly half of world electricity by 2050"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2018","journal-title":"National Transformation Program&#x2014;Vision 2030"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2018","journal-title":"Over 100 Global Cities Get Majority of Electricity From Renewables&#x2014;CDP"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118645"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.003"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.12.029"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.03.036"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.10.036"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121443"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mset.2019.07.002"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.2979789"},{"key":"ref73","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indicators of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia 2018"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renewables 2021 Global Status Report"},{"key":"ref129","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regulatory Framework for Small-Scale Solar PV Systems"},{"key":"ref71","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renewable Energy Market Analysis GCC 2019"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.025"},{"key":"ref70","year":"2019","journal-title":"CG Wins 400 MW Wind Farm Contract in Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renewable Energy Waste-to-Energy"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823346-7.00012-8"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.005"},{"key":"ref74","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydroelectricty Generation"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119602"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2017.07.006"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138610"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9071123"},{"key":"ref78","author":"salman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste-to-Energy in Saudi Arabia BioEnergy Consult"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"194","article-title":"An intelligent approach for power quality events detection and classification","author":"shafiullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 1st Int Conf Artif Intell Data Anal (CAIDA)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145711"},{"key":"ref136","year":"2021","journal-title":"Challenges Related to Biomass"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X20903564"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2020.101020"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11123366"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30573\/KS--2020-DP25"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2018.10.004"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2020","journal-title":"Past Opportunities (National Renewable Energy Program)"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sakaka IPP PV"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2019","journal-title":"First Solar Project of Its Kind in Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964896"},{"key":"ref140","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deploying Large-Scale Polygeneration in Industry"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-014-9579-9"},{"key":"ref141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogeneration\/CHP"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"12","article-title":"Solar and wind energy potential in the Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"vijayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Appl Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.02.012"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dumat Al Jandal Wind Project Beats Record Low Price for Onshore Wind Power"},{"key":"ref143","year":"2020","journal-title":"World&#x2019;s Most Efficient Combined-Cycle Power Plant"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2021","journal-title":"Category Result"},{"key":"ref144","author":"darrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Another World Record for Combined Cycle Efficiency Power"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emission"},{"key":"ref69","author":"aramco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commissioning of First Wind Turbine in Turaif"},{"key":"ref145","year":"2018","journal-title":"Completion of World&#x2019;s Largest Combined Cycle Power Plants"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Electricity Statistics"},{"key":"ref109","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research and Development Program"},{"key":"ref95","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Arabia&#x2014;Traditional Biomass Consumption&#x2014;1990-2012 Data"},{"key":"ref108","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15567249.2014.996303"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Roadmap for future?: Vision 2030 and its impact on Saudi Arabia&#x2019;s energy sector","volume":"10","author":"atiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sci Eng Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2006.08.003"},{"key":"ref106","year":"2021","journal-title":"CONSUMPTION TARIFF"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.03.058"},{"key":"ref105","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electricity tariffs"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geothermal"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2015","journal-title":"Activities and achievements of the authority in 2014"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2015.1045999"},{"key":"ref103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Energy Efficiency Program"},{"key":"ref102","author":"dadlani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi&#x2019;s SASO&#x2019;s Facility Sees More Than 30% Energy Use Reduction&#x2014;Business&#x2014;Construction Week"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2014","journal-title":"SABIC and King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy Cooperate to Address Future Energy Needs"},{"key":"ref112","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Electricity Company Signs MoU With Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University"},{"key":"ref110","author":"aramco","year":"2021","journal-title":"GE Global Research Center"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Saudi Arabia begins using small-scale solar PV systems to generate electricity","author":"al-awsat","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref99","year":"2021","journal-title":"ECRA Launches &#x2018;Shamsi&#x2019; Portal to Explore Feasibility of Installing Solar PV System"},{"key":"ref96","year":"2021","journal-title":"About Shamsi"},{"key":"ref97","author":"obaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi properties receive green light to use solar panels"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.06.004"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0144598717737442"},{"key":"ref12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Targets of Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electricity consumption per capita"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electricity consumption per capita"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Population Total&#x2014;Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010262"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electric Power Consumption"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksues.2015.02.002"},{"key":"ref117","year":"2007","journal-title":"2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climate Change Country Profile of Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pjct-2016-0075"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2021","journal-title":"GDP (Constant 2010 US$)"},{"key":"ref84","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Electricity-specific emission factors for grid electricity","author":"brander","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12558"},{"key":"ref83","author":"aramco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Performance by Waste Management"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research Institute"},{"key":"ref113","year":"2021","journal-title":"KAUST Solar Center (KSC)"},{"key":"ref116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"237","article-title":"Waste-to-hydrogen energy in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and perspectives","author":"miandad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biohydrogen Production Sustainability of Current Technology and Future Perspective"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Technologies Center"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.05.034"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2014.05.016"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10040511"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.12.024"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123187"},{"key":"ref85","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNAEP)"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"215","article-title":"Evaluation of the geothermal potential around the coastal parts of the Gulf of Suez-Egypt, using well logging and geothermometer data","volume":"6","author":"lashin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Geophys"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0543-4"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2015.05.016"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09514922.pdf?arnumber=9514922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:34:46Z","timestamp":1662669286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9514922\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":166,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3105378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}