{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T20:36:51Z","timestamp":1775421411231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004055","name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3108502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T21:09:12Z","timestamp":1630357752000},"page":"121031-121045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Early and Late Fusion of Emojis and Text to Enhance Opinion Mining"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadam","family":"Al-Azani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed M.","family":"El-Alfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.080234"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.092"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2014.6841964"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"2268","article-title":"An Arabic Twitter corpus for subjectivity and sentiment analysis","author":"refaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 4th Int Conf Lang Resour Eval (LREC)"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.02.043"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5216"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996187"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"&#x2018;Blissfully happy&#x2019; or &#x2018;ready to fight&#x2019;: Varying interpretations of emoji","author":"miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Web Social Media (ICWSM)"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.17706\/IJCEE.2017.9.1.360-369","article-title":"The effects of emoji in sentiment analysis","volume":"9","author":"shiha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1299"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AEECT.2013.6716448"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60276-5_42"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2018.8441956"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2107"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1003"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","author":"amikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Int Conf Learn Represent"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.166"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"2839","article-title":"Irony detection in Persian language: A transfer learning approach using emoji prediction","author":"golazizian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 12th Lang Resour Eval Conf"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-020-09715-7"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"EmojiNet: An open service and API for emoji sense discovery","author":"wijeratne","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1707 04652"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Emoticons vs. emojis on Twitter: A causal inference approach","author":"pavalanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Spring Symp Observational Stud Through Social Media Other Hum -Generated Content"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"136","article-title":"Mojisem: Varying linguistic purposes of emoji in (Twitter) context","author":"na\u2019aman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 55th Annu Meeting Assoc Comput Linguistics Student Res Workshop"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935370"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSIT.2016.7549459"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3389035"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3624"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWIS-09-2019-0042"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2020.150.157"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"22","article-title":"Emoticon smoothed language models for Twitter sentiment analysis","volume":"12","author":"liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 26th AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"From emojis to sentiment analysis","author":"guibon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Affect Compagnon Artificiel Interact (WACAI)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2133"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2099"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.06.015"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00416ED1V01Y201204HLT016"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCG.2018.8592970"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.07.006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2014.04.011"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"What does this emoji mean? A vector space skip-gram model for Twitter emojis","author":"barbieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Lang Resour Eval Conf (LREC)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.05.034"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1320","article-title":"Twitter as a corpus for sentiment analysis and opinion mining","volume":"10","author":"pak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc LREC"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3106426.3106490"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Cross-platform emoji interpretation: Analysis, a solution, and applications","author":"morstatter","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1709 04969"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258461"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-012-0068-x"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47880-7_33"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968219.2968549"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089443930101900307"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422104"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1102"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-6208"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.10.007"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sentiment analysis of tweets by CNN utilizing tweets with emoji as training data","author":"cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Issues Sentiment Discovery Opinion Mining (WISDOM)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.048"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00169"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14901","article-title":"Understanding emoji ambiguity in context: The role of text in emoji-related miscommunication","author":"miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int AAAI Conf Web Social Media"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2017"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Sentiment of emojis","volume":"10","author":"novak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14903","article-title":"Untangling emoji popularity through semantic embeddings","author":"ai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int AAAI Conf Web Social Media"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1628960.1628969"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.4787"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRI.2016.68"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2088"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"22","article-title":"Exploiting emoticons in polarity classification of text","volume":"14","author":"hogenboom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Web Eng"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440380105"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSE1.2018.8374211"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.00042"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2018.8355456"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"55","article-title":"Subjectivity and sentiment analysis of modern standard Arabic and Arabic microblogs","author":"mourad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 4th Workshop Comput Approaches Subjectivity Sentiment Social Media Anal"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2938640"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.02.063"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.02.002"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WISA.2014.55"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539809545028"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.05.038"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.117"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.11.022"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957265.2961844"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation: From precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation","volume":"2","author":"powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Technol"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"45","article-title":"Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora","author":"?eh??ek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc LREC Workshop Challenges NLP Frameworks"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09794-5"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-2610","article-title":"A global analysis of emoji usage","author":"ljube\u0161i?","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 10th Web Corpus Workshop"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0694-9_45"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971724"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2967278"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10949310050191809"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17576\/JKMJC-2017-3304-06"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Through a gender lens: Learning usage patterns of emojis from large-scale Android users","author":"chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1705 05546"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.11.012"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09525070.pdf?arnumber=9525070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T08:52:17Z","timestamp":1673167937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9525070\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":90,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3108502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}