{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:00:12Z","timestamp":1775667612060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Malaysian Ministry of Education through the Research Management Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia under UPM Journal Publication Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3125521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T19:26:37Z","timestamp":1636053997000},"page":"153701-153726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Survey on Privacy-Preserving Authentication Schemes in VANETs: Attacks, Challenges and Open Issues"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagheer Ahmed","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5822-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Ul","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazhar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arif Iqbal","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Basir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5129620"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3060046"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2009.5290789"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIRD.2018.8376311"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative study of VANET and MANET routing protocols","author":"prabhakar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Advance Comput Commun Technol (ACCT)"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"8883","article-title":"Vehicular adhoc network (VANET)&#x2014;An introduction","volume":"9","author":"tomar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Appl Control"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1082183"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060651"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/745303"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20008"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Apparatus and method for motion detection and tracking of objects in a region for collision avoidance utilizing a real-time adaptive probabilistic neural network","author":"wang","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1006968"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3062546"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3066277"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068268"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Road traffic injuries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Key Facts"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2014.01.009"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.104.2018.41.1.9"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2020","journal-title":"EU road accidents database"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754429"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global status report on road safety 2015"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107872"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2017.01.002"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2020.100286"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6692568"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3059638"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3087557"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"4609","article-title":"Privacy-preserving authentication based on group signature for VANETs","author":"zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Global Commun Conf (GLOBECOM)"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6679882"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00997-0"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1378202"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2876126"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.12.005"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"490","article-title":"An anonymous access authentication scheme for VANETs based on ID-based group signature","author":"gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Broadband Wireless Comput Commun Appl"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-5839-3.ch006"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview on quality of service and data dissemination in VANETs","author":"rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Int Congr Hum -Comput Interact Optim Robotic Appl (HORA)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2007.438"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.05.042"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4689254"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2319107"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-487685\/v1","article-title":"Performance analysis of vanets routing protocols","author":"harrabi","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100350"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"152","article-title":"Security transmission routing protocol for MIMO-VANET","author":"feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Cloud Comput Internet Things"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.12.009"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.07.060"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.03.003"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2972923"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2978866"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903202"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2929420"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2018.01.006"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50758-3_3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3029723"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992580"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890736"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2634623"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.610"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2692240"},{"key":"ref157","first-page":"21260","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decentralized Bus Rev"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.101636"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"3","article-title":"Security challenges for emerging VANETs","author":"al-hawi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 4th Int Conf Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security attacks and solutions in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","volume":"4","author":"la","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Ad Hoc Netw Syst"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13040096"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEngT.2011.5993439"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"572","article-title":"A survey of authentication protocols in VANET","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Broadband Wireless Comput Commun Appl"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101664"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2645452"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.02.020"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.017"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3906-4"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221213"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307888.2307907"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-011-0789-y"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Security aspects of inter-vehicle communications","author":"raya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 5th Swiss Transp Res Conf (STRC)"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39568-7_5"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2005.09.002"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSA.2017.8272919"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISS49785.2020.9316043"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2012.6507953"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100228"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5276813"},{"key":"ref74","author":"druschel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revised Papers from the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Countermeasures for GPS signal spoofing","author":"wen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 18th Int Tech Meeting Satell Division Inst Navigat (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.101692"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2579162"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.09.005"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC48915.2020.9155737"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2915794"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163589"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-00241-x"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2991168"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2018.09.003"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107989"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MoWNet.2018.8428905"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2014.938255"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCTE.2012.V4.627"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2016.03.001"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1161064.1161076"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26483\/ijarcs.v9i1.5328"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3362125.3362128"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2507924.2507927"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWTA.2011.6089388"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"88","article-title":"Survey on security challenges in VANET 1","volume":"2","author":"dhamgaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0052252"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"6","article-title":"Securing intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","author":"ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2997840"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-158-9_5"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2017.8249091"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A distributed security mechanism for resource-constrained IoT devices","volume":"40","author":"king","year":"2016","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4218-3_1"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2958356"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsia.2016.10.5.25"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9997771"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08605-x"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"1239","article-title":"A survey: Security challenges of VANET and their current solution","volume":"12","author":"hemalatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3097172"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053043"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.03.006"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045940"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.02.002"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3056712"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100179"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439819197"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3012961"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2818888"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"417","article-title":"Use of elliptic curves in cryptography","author":"miller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Conf Appl Cryptograph Techn"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2005.1424677"},{"key":"ref110","author":"mao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36169-2_4"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2439292"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3040876"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"1","article-title":"VANETs security issues and challenges: A survey","volume":"9","author":"elsadig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-010-9400-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2017.02.001"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEOT.2016.7754846"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2827460"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3021731"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913682"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100183"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2866759"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WC-M.2006.250352"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2966526"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3014038"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119761846.ch8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2885277"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"207","article-title":"Introduction to modern cryptography","volume":"207","author":"bellare","year":"2005","journal-title":"UCSD CSE"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3001381"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936575"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2020.100247"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44647-8_13"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.05.005"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/4372.4373"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2007.4437823"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2014.05.001"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027718"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2423667"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1681-8"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883134"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2924856"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2485225"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2010.14","article-title":"An identity-based security system for user privacy in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"21","author":"sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"166","article-title":"Privacy and freedom","volume":"25","author":"westin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Washington and Lee Law Rev"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2797206"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09600861.pdf?arnumber=9600861","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T20:54:04Z","timestamp":1646686444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9600861\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":166,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3125521","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}